Abstract
The evolution and application of intelligence have been discussed from perspectives of life, control theory and artificial intelligence. However, there has been no consensus on understanding the evolution of intelligence. In this study, we propose a Tri-X Intelligence (TI) model, aimed at providing a comprehensive perspective to understand complex intelligence and the implementation of intelligent systems. In this work, the essence and evolution of intelligent systems (or system intelligentization) are analyzed and discussed from multiple perspectives and at different stages (Type I, Type II and Type III), based on a Tri-X Intelligence model. Elemental intelligence based on scientific effects (e.g., conscious humans, cyber entities and physical objects) is at the primitive level of intelligence (Type I). Integrated intelligence formed by two-element integration (e.g., human-cyber systems and cyber-physical systems) is at the normal level of intelligence (Type II). Complex intelligence formed by ternary-interaction (e.g., a human-cyber-physical system) is at the dynamic level of intelligence (Type III). Representative cases are analyzed to deepen the understanding of intelligent systems and their future implementation, such as in intelligent manufacturing. This work provides a systematic scheme, and technical supports, to understand and develop intelligent systems.
Highlights
In recent decades, intelligence has been a hot topic in various areas including human science, biology, computer and information science and social science [1]
The common definition of intelligence is to realize and maximize the value of the function of artificial systems according to human desires by natural laws, to be activated upon a human’s request
Intelligent skin is made of super-thin film polyimide and monocrystalline silicon, which is equipped with tactile sensors to detect changes in temperature, humidity, pressure and transformation [14]
Summary
Intelligence has been a hot topic in various areas including human science, biology, computer and information science and social science [1]. He stated that the special abilities of humans are in recognizing and adapting to the environment changes In his opinion, artificial systems and living systems share a similar logic, in which the human is a control and communication system as is a machine. “cybernetics” is a concept 2with special meaning, including control, feedback, communication and interaction It is a process followed by a series of procedures, including constant acquisition of condition changes, andcontrol, continuous optimization. It is an autonomous process intelmeaning,reaction, including feedback, communication and interaction It that is a an process ligent entity adapts to by control algorithms, unifying recognition, decision, and feedback followed by a series of procedures, including constant acquisition of condition changes, to handleand environmental uncertainties.ItThe word “cyber” is closelythat related to cybernetics; reaction, continuous optimization.
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