Abstract
Wild marigold has a growing demand for its essential oil in the flavor and fragrance industries. It can be grown over a broad range of climates, but the changing climatic conditions lead to abiotic stresses, thus restricting its productivity. Abiotic stresses at elevated levels result in the reduction of germination, growth, and essential oil quality of wild marigold leading to heterogeneous and inferior grades of “Tagetes oil.” Drought, salinity, and heavy metal stress at elevated levels have common effects in terms of ROS formation, which are the major cause of growth deterioration in wild marigold. Temperatures above 35°C inhibit seed germination. Irradiance stress reduces the biomass and essential oil yield. Waterlogging adversely affects the survival of wild marigold in high rainfall regions. The application of plant nutrients (fertilizers) modulates the biomass and essential oil yield. Wild marigold employs multiple tolerance mechanisms to cope up with the adverse effects of abiotic stresses such as the increased activity of antioxidants to maintain cellular redox homeostasis, enhanced lipid peroxidation in the cell membrane to maintain cell wall architecture, production of secondary metabolites, and accumulation of osmolytes. In this review, we tried to understand how abiotic stresses affect wild marigold. Understanding the physiological changes and biochemical characteristics of stress tolerance will contribute to the development of stress-tolerant lines of wild marigold.
Highlights
Wild marigold is a member of the Asteraceae family, the most prominent family among vascular plants (Cornelius and Wycliffe, 2016)
heavy metal (HM), and drought at elevated conditions result in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is the major cause of growth deterioration under oxidative stress
There is an alteration in the activity of antioxidant enzymes (e.g., superoxide dismutase (SOD), POD, POX, CAT, guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), ferricreducing ability of plasma (FRAP), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO)) and non-enzymatic oxidants of wild marigold under these abiotic stress conditions
Summary
Wild marigold is a member of the Asteraceae family, the most prominent family among vascular plants (Cornelius and Wycliffe, 2016). Drought stress affects the physiology and biochemical responses of wild marigold and essential oil yield (Babaei et al, 2021). Assessment of variability in natural populations under shade conditions can give insights about plant growth and essential oil quality in wild marigold.
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