Abstract

Abstract: This review showcases one group of gastropod's ability to perceive light through the eyes. The central question is simple: what are the visual performances and tasks of cephalic eyes in gastropods? That topic in itself is rather broad and is here applied to pulmonate gastropods, coming from terrestrial and aquatic biomes as well as different habitats and microhabitats, exhibiting different life-styles and light-tolerances. Therefore, the main objectives have been to analyze (1) anatomical and ultrastructural eye characteristics, (2) optical systems, (3) image-forming capabilities and possible functional consequences of eye size and design, (4) interactions between gastropods and their environment mediated by the visual information obtained through the eye, and (5) the specific visual tasks that the eyes serve. During the course of this study, a range of variations (= adaptations) in both optical and retinal design parameters, including eye size, aperture size, quality of optical image, retinal s...

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