Understanding Gout – Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Management

Abstract

Gout is one of the most common types of inflammatory arthritis caused by accumulation of uric acid crystals within joints. It typically starts in the big toe with symptoms such as intense joint pain especially at night, swelling and redness. This sudden episode is also called a “flare” or an “attack”. Males are three times more likely to be affected with gout than females. Other key risk factors include obesity, hypertension, high alcohol and seafood intake. Diagnosis of gout is mostly clinical. Joint fluid analysis which shows urate crystals and ultrasound are used to confirm the diagnosis. An acute attack of gout can be relieved by anti-inflammatory agents like NSAIDs, Colchicine and Corticosteroids which is followed by long term management – uric acid lowering agents, lifestyle, weight and dietary management.