Abstract
Undernutrition and food insecurity are critical problems among under-five children in many developing countries. This study was carried out for eight months between 2009 and 2011. It combined quantitative data (N=156) and qualitative data to explore nutritional status among under-five children in Jibondo and Chole villages within Mafia Island Marine Park in Tanzania. Weight-for-age analysis was performed according to World Health Organization standards to determine the proportion of underweight children among the samples. The prevalence of underweight children was high in both villages, and in Jibondo village it was even higher (69%) than in Chole village (40%). Interviewees attributed the exceptionally high underweight problems in Jibondo to a substantial reduction in breast-feeding frequency. This was because mothers resumed seaweed farming and octopus fishing soon after delivery. Consequently, infants were fed poor-quality nutritional substitute foods at a tender age. Decreased family income, food insecurity, changes in gender roles and increased responsibilities for women were also perceived to be key underlying problems contributing to higher levels of undernutrition among children in the study areas. If healthy generations and sustainable social-ecological systems are to be achieved within the Park in the future, policies that review fishing restrictions, improve fish trading, increase household food security and liberate mother’s time for breastfeeding and child-caring activities would be essential to address the current undernutrition among the under-fives.
Highlights
Undernutrition persists as a major threat to both physical development and health of millions of children below five years of age in the developing countries (Pelletier, Frongillo, Schroeder & Habicht, 1995; World Health Organization (WHO), 2005; United Nations Children’s Fund [UNICEF], 2012)
If healthy generations and sustainable social-ecological systems are to be achieved within the Park in the future, policies that review fishing restrictions, improve fish trading, increase household food security and liberate mother’s time for breastfeeding and child-caring activities would be essential to address the current undernutrition among the under-fives
Most of the under-five children who were involved in this study were underweight, reflecting the failure to meet their nutritional requirements
Summary
Undernutrition persists as a major threat to both physical development and health of millions of children below five years of age in the developing countries (Pelletier, Frongillo, Schroeder & Habicht, 1995; World Health Organization (WHO), 2005; United Nations Children’s Fund [UNICEF], 2012). It is a critical problem that contributes nearly one third of total deaths among under-five children in the world (UNICEF, 2009). Undernutrition is among the challenges that constrain global efforts to reduce child mortality by two thirds by the year 2015 as part of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) launched in 2000 (www.un.org/millenniumgoals/). Most developing countries are still far from achieving this goal (de Onis, Blössner, Borghi, Frongilo, & Morris, 2004) as the numbers are projected to remain high even until the year 2020 (Smith & Haddad, 2000). In 2009, Tanzania was reported to be making insufficient progress towards the 2015 target (UNICEF, 2009)
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