Unconventional steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy as an analytical technique for analyses of complex-multifluorophoric mixtures

Abstract

Over the years mainly three unconventional fluorescence techniques, Excitation–emission matrix fluorescence (EEMF), synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (SFS), and total synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (TSFS) are introduced for the analysis of multifluorophoric mixtures. Application of EEMF, SFS and TSFS are conceptually different. The existing literature lacks a review article that gives an overview on conceptual and analytical aspects of EEMF, SFS and TSFS for general as well as specialized fluorescence scientific community. The present review article attempts to address these issues and discusses various conceptual and practical aspects of EEMF, SFS and TSFS spectroscopy. The present article contains numerous novel fluorescence parameters, concept of concentration dependent red shift, protocol for finding the optimum wavelength offset for SFS data acquisition is introduced, various practical aspects of integrating chemometric methods with TSFS and number of successful applications of EEMF, SFS and TSFS for the analysis of complex and simple multifluorophoric mixtures is discussed.