Abstract
<p class="Abstract">In electrified railways, harmonic active power terms can be significant in the order of the uncertainty required by the EN 50463-2 standard for power and energy measurements in railways. Nonactive power terms (encompassing reactive and distortion harmonic terms) are much more significant than the sole fundamental reactive power. This work considers the implementation of the EN 50463-2 energy measurement function, including the criteria for the significance of the measured and calculated terms, and it carries out a Monte Carlo analysis to assess the impact of harmonic power terms on the measured energy and its uncertainty.</p>
Highlights
It is generally recognized that reactive power and harmonic distortion are responsible for increased losses and disturbance in distribution systems [1]-[4], from which the many Power Quality (PQ) standards, especially for low- and medium-voltage public and industrial networks
Metering is achieved by measuring the electrical quantities at the interface between the load and the network: the measured voltage and current at the sliding contact supported by the train pantograph, vp and ip, can be used for both PQ [21]-[25] and energy metering [14]-[18] purposes
Four energy terms are calculated for the contribution of harmonic power terms, calculating the harmonic active power terms into EAT and EAB, and the nonactive harmonic power terms into ERT and ERB, quantifying their contribution by a ‘delta term’ with the same naming convention
Summary
It is generally recognized that reactive power and harmonic distortion are responsible for increased losses and disturbance in distribution systems [1]-[4], from which the many Power Quality (PQ) standards, especially for low- and medium-voltage public and industrial networks. The relevance of the pantograph harmonic power terms should be evaluated in an absolute perspective (comparing to the respective quantities calculated at the fundamental only in the EN 50463-2 [13]), and by taking into account the influence of the train operating conditions (acceleration, cruising, coasting, braking and standstill) and their rate of occurrence. In this way, the influence of the harmonic power terms on the overall exchanged energy (‘consumed’ and ‘regenerated’ energy, to use the terminology of the EN 50463-2 [13]) can be estimated. It is evident that the ECF and EMF uncertainty is influenced by the metrological characteristics of the VMF and CMF chains, where sensors and acquisition systems are located, and by the adequate and comprehensive definition of the objective quantities (power and energy) and their relationship with the basic quantities (pantograph voltage and current and their spectra)
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