Uncertainty Estimation in Unsupervised MR-CT Synthesis of Scoliotic Spines

Abstract

<italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Goal:</i> Uncertainty estimations through approximate Bayesian inference provide interesting insights to deep neural networks' behavior. In unsupervised learning tasks, where expert labels are unavailable, it becomes ever more important to critique the model through uncertainties. <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Methods:</i> This paper presents a proof-of-concept for generalizing the aleatoric and epistemic uncertainties in unsupervised MR-CT synthesis of scoliotic spines. A novel adaptation of the cycle-consistency constraint in CycleGAN is proposed such that the model predicts the aleatoric uncertainty maps in addition to the standard volume-to-volume translation between Magnetic Resonance (MR) and Computed Tomography (CT) data. <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Results:</i> Ablation experiments were performed to understand uncertainty estimation as an implicit regularizer and a measure of the model's confidence. <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Conclusion:</i> The aleatoric uncertainty helps in distinguishing between the bone and soft-tissue regions in CT and MR data during translation, while the epistemic uncertainty provides interpretable information to the user for downstream tasks.