Abstract
Compared with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) or Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) is not generally considered to be an analytic technique for the surface characterization of materials. It is, however, an extremely surface sensitive technique where even a monolayer coverage of an adsorbate or contaminant is sufficient to grossly alter the signal from a given surface. As we shall see, its main strength lies in its unique ability to explore the electronic structure in the conduction/valence band region of a wide variety of solids. As a technique, it can readily be added to other surface science instrumentation and is indeed often offered as an option by manufacturers of XPS/AES equipment. This chapter is consequently included as a brief introduction to the capabilities of UPS to alert practitioners of other surface science techniques to the information contained in UPS spectra.
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