Abstract
Simple and robust analytical procedures were developed for hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) and lead (Pb(II)) by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) using microsample injection system coupled with flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (MIS-FAAS). For the current study, ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (APDC), carbon tetrachloride, and ethanol were used as chelating agent, extraction solvent, and disperser solvent, respectively. The effective variables of developed method have been optimized and studied in detail. The limit of detection of Cr(VI) and Pb(II) were 0.037 and 0.054 µg/L, respectively. The enrichment factors in both cases were 400 with 40 mL of initial volumes. The relative standard deviations (RSDs, n = 6) were <4%. The applicability and the accuracy of DLLME were estimated by the analysis of Cr(VI) and Pb(II) in industrial effluent wastewater by standard addition method (recoveries >96%). The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of Cr(VI) and Pb(II) at ultratrace levels in natural drinking water and industrial effluents wastewater of Denizli. Moreover, the proposed method was compared with the literature reported method.
Highlights
Lead pollution is one of the most serious environmental problems because of their stability at contaminated sites, the reduction of enzymatic activities, and several other complications in human, plants, and animals [1]
The Cr(VI) and Pb(II) were determined by dispersive liquidliquid microextraction (DLLME), using a complexing reagent (APDC) and resulted complex was enriched into extraction solvent through disperser solvent
In order to attain higher enrichment factor and significant recovery percentages of Cr(VI) and Pb(II) by DLLME coupled with Microsample Injection System (MIS)-Flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), the characteristic parameters were investigated in detail
Summary
Lead pollution is one of the most serious environmental problems because of their stability at contaminated sites, the reduction of enzymatic activities, and several other complications in human, plants, and animals [1]. It is introduced into water bodies (lakes, streams, and rivers) through the combustion of fossil fuels, smelting of sulfide ore, and acid mine drainage [2]. Liquid-liquid extraction, based on transfer of analyte from the aqueous sample to a water-immiscible solvent, is being widely employed for sample preparation [18] These methods are time consuming, needed significant chemical additives, large secondary wastes along procedure, and required complex equipment. The proposed method was applied to tap water, groundwater, and industrial effluent before and after treatment for evaluation of Cr(VI) and Pb(II)
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