Ultrastructure of Axial Vascular and Coelomic Organs in Comasterid Featherstars (Echinodermata: Crinoidea)

Abstract

Abstract The spongy body of Davidaster rubiginosa, D. discoidea, and Comactinia meridionalis, is an axial haemal plexus consisting of two structurally similar, but positionally distinct, regions: an oral circumesophageal part and an aboral part which lies lateral to the axial organ. The axial organ is a large axial blood vessel which is infiltrated by hollow cellular tubes lined with monociliated epithelial cells. The spongy body plexus is a tangle of small blood vessels overlain by podocytes and myocytes. The spongy body and the axial organ are situated in the axial coelom, which is confluent with the perivisceral coelom, the water vascular system, and the parietal canals. The parietal canals open to the exterior via ciliated tegmenal ducts and surface pores. The crinoid spongy body is morphologically similar to the axial gland of asteroids, ophiuroids, and echinoids (AOE). Although the axial glands of these three classes of echinoderms are mutually homologous structures, the homology of the crinoid spongy body and the AOE axial gland is questionable because of differences in organization and developmental origin. Alternatively, the crinoid spongy body may be homologous to asteroid gastric haemal tufts, which are podocyte‐covered blood vessels suspended in the perivisceral coelom. The functional organization of the spongy body suggests a filtration nephridium and predicts an excretory function. An alternative hypothesis is that the spongy body is a site of nutrient transfer from the blood vascular system to the perivisceral coelom.