Abstract
Ultrasound-assisted extraction of metal ions from Lithium batteries with weak organic acids is reported. Leaching reached ≥98% Li and Co recovery due to improved residue layer diffusion and mass transfer, illustrated by the shrinking core model.
Highlights
Lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) are increasing in demand due to their use in electronic vehicles (EVs)
The highest recoveries were achieved for cobalt and nickel, reaching >99%, while lithium and manganese were recovered at 94–96% efficiency
The results revealed that the leaching of Li, Ni, Mn, Co, and Al was controlled by residue layer diffusion, and could be associated with the residue layer diffusion contribution of the shrinking core model
Summary
Including calcination (ca. 450–700 °C), organic solution treatment, and NaOH treatment for removal of battery binders and Al, with reported losses of valuable metals, e.g. lithium, etc. and emission of toxic greenhouse gases.[10,11,12,13,14]. Ultrasound may allow for improving mass transfer in the extraction of valuable battery metals to an extent that more environment-friendly organic acids can be used in the recovery of the metals. The more environment-friendly acids, so far reported, include formic acid,[19] lactic acid,[14] acetic acid,[20] and citric acid.[21] In the absence of ultrasound, these weaker organic acids would normally be regarded as insufficiently strong for efficient extractions and require the use of additional chemicals or pre-treatments steps before the actual extraction experiments (leaching process) to reach recovery levels >95%, see Table S1.† In LiBs recycling, low and high-power ultrasound vibration was used to assist the electrode delamination process during disassembly of batteries.[22]. The results were confirmed with multiple measurements and characterizations of all battery residues before, and after, the leaching process
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