The influence of total organic carbon (TOC) on the relationship between acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) and fish status in Norwegian lakes

Abstract

Acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) is the parameter most commonly used as chemical indicator for fish response to acidification. Empirical relationships between fish status of surface waters and ANC have been documented earlier. ANC is commonly calculated as the difference between base cations ([BC]=[Ca 2+]+[Mg 2+]+[N +]+[K +]) and strong acid anions ([SAA]=[SO 4 2−]+[NO 3 −]+[Cl −]). This is a very robust calculation of ANC, because none of the parameters incorporated are affected by the partial pressure of CO 2, in contrast to the remaining major ions in waters, pH ([H +]), aluminum ([Al n+]), alkalinity ([HCO 3 −/CO 3 2−]) and organic anions ([A n−]). Here we propose a modified ANC calculation where the permanent anionic charge of the organic acids is assumed as a part of the strong acid anions. In many humic lakes, the weak organic acids are the predominant pH-buffering system. Because a significant amount of the weak organic acids have p K-values<3.0–3.5, these relatively strong acids will permanently be deprotonated in almost all natural waters (i.e. pH>4.5). This means that they will be permanently present as anions, equal to the strong acid inorganic anions, SO 4 2−, NO 3 − and Cl −. In the literature, natural organic acids are often described as triprotic acids with a low p K 1 value. Assuming a triprotic model, we suggest to add 1/3 of the organic acid charge density to the strong acid anions in the ANC calculation. The suggested organic acid adjusted ANC (ANC OAA), is then calculated as follows: ANC OAA=[BC]−([SAA]+1/3CD*TOC) where TOC is total organic carbon (mg C L −1), and CD=10.2 is charge density of the organic matter (μeq/mg C), based on literature data from Swedish lakes. ANC OAA gives significant lower values of ANC in order to achieve equal fish status compared with the traditional ANC calculation. Using ANC OAA the humic conditions in lakes are better taken into account. This may also help explain observations of higher ANC needed to have reproducing fish populations in lakes with higher TOC concentrations.