Ultrasound-assisted Emulsified Microextraction Followed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography for Permethrin

Abstract

Ultrasound assisted emulsification microextraction (UAEME) as a new sample preparation method was optimized for the determination of permethrin in urine samples. Also, deep eutectic solvent was used as the extracting solvent instead of organic solvents in this method. In order to determine the optimal values, six main parameters were studied in different levels. Totally, 105 runs were performed using the one-variable-at-a-time method followed by high-performance liquid chromatography with a UV detector. Under the optimum conditions, the calibration curve for permethrin was linear in the concentration range of 5 to 500 μgL‑1 for urine samples. The accuracy and reproducibility of the introduced method were determined using the relative recovery (RR%) and relative standard deviation (RSD%) tests on the fortified urine samples. RR% and RSD% were found to be 96.3–101.7 % and 3.2–7.6 %, respectively. The limit of quantification and also the limit of detection were obtained 5 and 1 μg/L, respectively. In the present study, the DES-UA-EME technique was successfully developed for the extraction of permethrin from urine samples and subsequent quantification by high-performance liquid chromatography.In comparison to the other sample preparation methods, the proposed technique has the advantages of shorter extraction time, simplicity, and applicability in laboratories with less equipment