Abstract
The rapidly growing field of chemical catalysis is dependent on analytical methods for non-destructive real-time monitoring of chemical reactions in complex systems such as emulsions, suspensions and gels, where most analytical techniques are limited in their applicability, especially if the media is opaque, or if the reactants/products do not possess optical activity. High-resolution ultrasonic spectroscopy is one of the novel technologies based on measurements of parameters of ultrasonic waves propagating through analyzed samples, which can be utilized for real-time non-invasive monitoring of chemical reactions. It does not require optical transparency, optical markers and is applicable for monitoring of reactions in continuous media and in micro/nano bioreactors (e.g., nanodroplets of microemulsions). The technology enables measurements of concentrations of substrates and products over the whole course of reaction, analysis of time profiles of the degree of polymerization and molar mass of polymers and oligomers, evolutions of reaction rates, evaluation of kinetic mechanisms, measurements of kinetic and equilibrium constants and reaction Gibbs energy. It also provides tools for assessments of various aspects of performance of catalysts/enzymes including inhibition effects, reversible and irreversible thermal deactivation. In addition, ultrasonic scattering effects in dispersions allow real-time monitoring of structural changes in the medium accompanying chemical reactions.
Highlights
The availability of efficient methods for real-time non-destructive monitoring of catalytic transformation between reactants and products in different reaction media, from solutions to emulsion, suspensions, or gels, is an important factor in the modern development of catalysis and its applications in industrial processes [1,2]
high-resolution ultrasonic spectroscopy (HR-US) spectrometers are equipped with precision temperature controllers, which can be utilized for the monitoring of reactions during preprogramed temperature profiles
The ultrasonic velocity profiles were in 50 mM gly-gly buffer, 0.02% BSA, 5 mM Mg acetate at pH 7.4 and loaded into the measuring recalculated into the profiles of concentration of ADP and the reaction extent by applying Equation ultrasonic cell of the 102 ultrasonic spectrometer at temperature ar = −0.0310 (5) and using HR-US
Summary
The availability of efficient methods for real-time non-destructive monitoring of catalytic transformation between reactants and products in different reaction media, from solutions to emulsion, suspensions, or gels, is an important factor in the modern development of catalysis and its applications in industrial processes [1,2]. The measurements can include automated precision titrations of the analyzed liquids with a titrant [27], and programmable temperature ramps for temperature profiling [2,28] These qualities enable the application of HR-US technique for non-destructive real-time monitoring of chemical reactions in a broad range of media and environmental conditions. The paper reviews the underlying principles and outcomes of application of HR-US technique for real-time monitoring of chemical reactions in continuous media and in nano-bioreactors (nanodroplets) of complex dispersions such as milks, suspensions of protein nanoparticles and microemulsions This includes precision real-time measurements of concentrations of reactants and products (reaction progress curves), time profiles of the average degree of polymerization and of molar mass of polymers and oligomers, time profiles of the reaction rates, the monitoring of structural rearrangements.
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
