Abstract
For the first time, response surface methodology (RSM) using a Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was employed to optimize the conditions for ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) of antioxidants from Chinese sumac (Rhus typhina L.) fruits. Initially, influencing factors such as liquid-solid ratio, duration of ultrasonic assisted extraction, pH range, extraction temperature and ethanol concentration were identified using single-factor experiments. Then, with respect to the three most significant influencing factors, the extraction process focusing on the DPPH· scavenging capacity of antioxidants was optimized using RSM. Results showed that the optimal conditions for antioxidant extraction were 13.03:1 (mL/g) liquid-solid ratio, 16.86 min extraction time and 40.51% (v/v) ethanol, and the desirability was 0.681. The UPLC-ESI-MS analysis results revealed eleven kinds of phenolic compounds, including four major rare anthocyanins, among the antioxidants. All these results suggest that UAE is efficient at extracting antioxidants and has the potential to be used in industry for this purpose.
Highlights
Phytochemicals with antioxidant capacity are valuable components for industrial food design, and natural plants are an important source of these compounds
It has been found that the degradation of active ingredients may occur during application of ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) in food processing [13,14], the results showed that the UPLC-MS profile of the major ingredients in the extract was the same as our previous studies [5,6], which indicated that the components of the sumac fruit extract were stable
The effect of three independent variables, namely, ethanol concentration (20%–60%, v/v), extraction time (5–35min) and liquid-solid ratio (5:1–15:1, mL/g), on DPPH· scavenging activity was investigated using a three-factor BBD (Box-Behnken Design)-response surface methodology (RSM) experimental run to determine the optimal parameters of the extraction process
Summary
Phytochemicals with antioxidant capacity are valuable components for industrial food design, and natural plants are an important source of these compounds. Staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina L.) is a perennial and flowering shrub that belongs to the genus Rhus It originally came from Canada and the United States and is widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere’s subtropical to temperate regions [1]. One of the most important aspects of the production chain for medicinal plants is the extraction process as this directly influences the quality and quantity of the active compounds produced. Response surface methodology (RSM) is an optimization method for experimental processes that is a simple, effective and accurate tool that uses statistical and mathematical techniques. In this study, UAE and RSM were both employed to optimize the extraction conditions of antioxidants from sumac fruits on the basis of a single factor method. The antioxidants from the Chinese sumac fruits were identified using UPLC-MS
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