Ultrasonic elastography for the prevention of breast implant rupture: Detection of an increase with stiffness over implantation time

Abstract

Breast implants are widely used after breast cancer resection and must be changed regularly to avoid a rupture. To date, there are no quantitative criteria to help this decision. The mechanical evolution of the gels and membranes of the implants is still underinvestigated, although it can lead to early rupture. In this study, 35 breast explants having been implanted in patients for up to 17 years were characterized by ex vivo measurements of their mechanical properties. Using Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) ultrasound elastography, an imaging method for non-destructive mechanical characterization, an increase in the stiffness of the explants has been observed. This increase was correlated with the implantation duration, primarily after 8 years of implantation. With an increase of the shear modulus of up to a factor of nearly 3, the loss of flexibility of the implants is likely to lead to a significant increase of their risk of rupture. A complementary analysis of the gel from the explants by mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) and liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) confirms the presence of metabolites of cholesterol originating from the breast tissues, which most likely crossed the membrane of the implants and most likely degrades the gel. By observing the consequences of the physical–chemical mechanisms at work within patients, this study shows that ultrasound elastography could be used in vivoas a quantitative indicator of the risk of breast implant rupture and help diagnose their replacement.