Abstract
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI), which can be congenital or acquired, results from the failure of the kidney to respond to the anti-diuretic hormone (ADH). This will lead to excessive water loss from the body in the form of urine. The kidney, therefore, has a crucial role in maintaining water balance and it is vital to restore this function in an artificial kidney. Herein, an ultrasensitive and highly selective aptameric graphene-based field-effect transistor (GFET) sensor for ADH detection was developed by directly immobilizing ADH-specific aptamer on a surface-modified suspended graphene channel. This direct immobilization of aptamer on the graphene surface is an attempt to mimic the functionality of collecting tube receptors in the ADH biosensor. This aptamer was then used as a probe to capture ADH peptide at the sensing area which leads to changes in the concentration of charge carriers in the graphene channel. The biosensor shows a significant increment in the relative change of current ratio from 5.76 to 22.60 with the increase of ADH concentration ranging from 10 ag/mL to 1 pg/mL. The ADH biosensor thus exhibits a sensitivity of 50.00 µA· with a limit of detection as low as 3.55 ag/mL. In specificity analysis, the ADH biosensor demonstrated a higher current value which is 338.64 µA for ADH-spiked in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and 557.89 µA for ADH-spiked in human serum in comparison with other biomolecules tested. This experimental evidence shows that the ADH biosensor is ultrasensitive and highly selective towards ADH in PBS buffer and ADH-spiked in human serum.
Highlights
Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), known as arginine-vasopressin or neurohypophysial hormone, is an imperative peptide for maintaining the plasma osmolality in the human body [1]
The anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) will bind with V2 receptors that are located at the basolateral membrane of collecting tube cells which will promote the reabsorption of water back into the circulation to maintain the water balance in the human body as illustrated in Figure 1 [2]
The ADH biosensor has a sensitivity of 50.00 μA·(g/mL)−1 and a very low detection limit (LOD) of 3.55 ag/mL
Summary
Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), known as arginine-vasopressin or neurohypophysial hormone, is an imperative peptide for maintaining the plasma osmolality in the human body [1]. The ADH will bind with V2 receptors that are located at the basolateral membrane of collecting tube cells which will promote the reabsorption of water back into the circulation to maintain the water balance in the human body as illustrated in Figure 1 [2]. The failure of the kidney to respond to ADH will lead to excessive water loss from the body in the form of urine. This abnormal condition, which can be congenital or acquired, is termed nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) [3]. The kidney, has a crucial role in maintaining water balance and it is vital to restore this function in an artificial kidney
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