Abstract
The study discusses the ultrastructural characteristics of the carpopodium surface of cypselas in 81 species from 34 genera within 16 subtribes of the Astereae tribe (Asteraceae) observed using a scanning electron microscope. These species exhibit well-developed carpopodia categorized into three types: poorly advanced, moderately advanced, and highly advanced. The carpopodia in the species analyzed vary in type (symmetrical, asymmetric, interrupted), the number of cell rows, cell shape, cell orientation, and outer periclinal wall shape. Most species have symmetrical carpopodia with cells forming a complete ring consisting of different numbers of rows (ranging from 1 to 22), although asymmetric or interrupted carpopodia are also present but less common. Different types of carpopodia may exist within a subtribe or genus, and the structural characteristics of the carpopodium serve as a taxonomic criterion at the species level.
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