Abstract
Defence is costly. An annual expenditure of almost £30 billion means that governments have to make difficult choices in a world of uncertainty. Choices about the size of the defence budget involve sacrifices of social welfare spending. Similarly, within the defence budget, choices are needed between equipment and personnel, and between air, land and sea forces. Uncertainty means that today’s armed forces and equipment have to be capable of responding to unknown and unknowable future threats over the next 20-30 years. For example, Eurofighter Typhoon will be in service for the next 25 years and the planned new aircraft carriers will each have a service life of 30 years with a stretch target of 50 years.
Published Version
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