Abstract
In the current study, Achillea santolinoides and Achillea aleppica aeral parts and root were extracted with ethyl acetate, methanol, and water. Detailed phytochemical profiles were obtained using UHPLC-MS, yielding the identification of hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids, phenolic acid glycosides and sugar esters, acylquinic acids, O-glycosyl flavones and flavonols, and flavonoid aglycons, among others. The antioxidant properties and enzyme inhibitory activities of the extracts were assayed with in vitro tests. The phenolic content of the water extracts was significantly higher as compared to the ethyl acetate and methanol ones. A. aleppica aerial parts methanol extract possessed highest flavonoid content (49.18 mg rutin equivalent/g). Antioxidant properties assessment revealed that the methanol extract of A. santolinoides roots actively scavenged DPPH (54.11 mg TE/g) and ABTS radicals (112.53 mg TE/g) and possessed highest reducing potential (183.55 and 129.92 mg TE/g, for CUPRAC and FRAP, respectively). The ethyl acetate extracts of aerial parts and roots of both species showed highest inhibition against BuCHE (6.07–6.76 mg GALAE/g). The ethyl acetate extract of A. santolinoides aerial part showed highest inhibition against tyrosinase (73.00 mg KAE/g). These results showed that the tested Achillea species might represent novel phytotherapeutic avenues for the management of Alzheimer’s disease and epidermal hyperpigmentation conditions, which are both associated with oxidative stress. This paper could shed light into future potential industrial applications using the tested Achillea species.
Highlights
The Achillea genus, one of the most important genera of the Asteraceae family with ethnopharmacological significance, consists of approximately 85 species mainly distributed in Middle East regions, such as Iran, Turkey, and Serbia and Eastern regions of Europe [1]
Antioxidants 2021, 10, 1180 ethnobotanical survey conducted by Mohammadnoseini and colleagues (2017) highlighted the use of several Achillea species in traditional medicine for the management of several ailments [16]
After the qualitative screening of metabolites profiles in the different extracts of the species, unsupervised principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out on the relative intensities of metabolites peak area obtained through UHPLC-MS analysis in order to screen the molecules variation between both species’ samples
Summary
Achillea species have been reported to possess highly bioactive compounds and were rich in flavones and other flavonoids [2], non-saturated carboxylic acids [3], phenolic glycosides [4], guaianolides [5], lignans [6], phthalate derivatives [7], piperidine amides, proazulenes [8], sesquiterpenes [9], sesquiterpene lactone-diol [10], sesquiterpene lactones [11], polyacetylenes [12], spirodepressolide [13], tannins [14], and triterpene alkamide [15]. Antioxidants 2021, 10, 1180 ethnobotanical survey conducted by Mohammadnoseini and colleagues (2017) highlighted the use of several Achillea species in traditional medicine for the management of several ailments [16]. Pharmacological studies have demonstrated that various Achillea species possess biological activities, such as antioxidant, antibacterial, antispasmodic, and anti-inflammatory [1]
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