Abstract
Abstract“Ultra‐fast” Kelvin waves (UFKWs) serve as a mechanism for coupling the tropical troposphere with the mesosphere, thermosphere and ionosphere. Herein, solutions to the linearized wave equations in a dissipative thermosphere in the form of “Hough Mode Extensions (HMEs)” are employed to better understand the vertical propagation of the subset of these waves that most effectively penetrate into the thermosphere above about 100 km altitude; namely, UFKWs with periods ≲4 days, vertical wavelengths (λz) ≳30 km, and zonal wavenumber s = −1. Molecular dissipation is found to broaden latitude structures of UFKWs with increasing height while their vertical wavelengths (λz) increase with latitude. Collisions with ions fixed to Earth's magnetic field (“ion drag”) are found to dampen UFKW amplitudes, increasingly so as the densities of those ions increase with increased solar flux. The direct effect of ion drag is to decelerate the zonal wind. This leads to suppression of vertical velocity and the velocity divergence, and related terms in the continuity and thermal energy equations, respectively, that lead to diminished perturbation temperature and density responses. Access is provided to the UFKW HMEs analyzed here in tabular and graphical form, and potential uses for future scientific studies are noted.
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