Typology of parliamentary control bodies in democratic constitutions of the world

Abstract

The article reveals the most characteristic features of the democratic constitutions of the world of parliamentary control over the observance of human and citizen rights by the state administration. Various types of bodies of parliamentary control over the practical implementation of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen declared by the constitutions are shown. Their list includes parliamentary or constitutional commissions for their protection, commissions for the protection of the rights of national minorities, representatives of non-traditional religions, in matters of castes, tribes, territory management and improvement of tribes, backward classes, official language, commissions for the development and protection of cultural, religious and linguistic rights communities, commissions on gender equality, commissions on petitions, commissions on motions, boards of people's human rights protection, radio broadcasting and television councils, councils for the protection of citizens' rights. It was concluded that the idea of control of compliance by officials with laws or simply customs and rules of behavior in society originated in the ancient world and continued its development during the Middle Ages. The division of laws into secular and ecclesiastical led to the emergence of the «law of justice» and the position of «lord chancellor», which turned out to be the prototype of the modern position of the ombudsman. With the adoption of democratic constitutions, a system of parliamentary standards for law enforcement by government officials was established. It covers general declarations of human and citizen rights and freedoms, guarantees of their protection by various state bodies, collective bodies, general or narrowly profiled, personal positions elected by parliaments, appointed by governments, monarchs, presidents, single or multiple, combined, with or without deputies , as well as regional and international organizations. At the current stage of the development of humanity and international legal science and political culture, universal legal values are actively developed ‒ generally recognized legal standards, models, benchmarks, principles, norms, procedures, etc., which have a global character and influence the development of all legal systems of the world to varying degrees. On the other hand, the identity of national law, the style of popular thinking, traditions, motives and approaches to legal regulation, as well as the distinctiveness of the legal culture of each country, are preserved.