Abstract
Cancer is basically a class of disorder marked by uncontrolled proliferation of cells which have the potential to interfere with different systems of body like digestive, central nervous and circulatory systems by releasing hormones. Tumors that reside only in a specified location and show restricted growth are commonly characterized as benign tumors. When tumor cells grow and effectively spread to other body parts and potentially invade and damage healthy tissues they show various degrees of malignancy. Cancer may be caused by different factors like gene mutations, carcinogens and some medical factors that harm the immune system of the body. Symptoms of cancer are relatively varied and classified according to location, progression pattern and size of tumors as well. Different diagnostic tests are used for evaluation that depends on the type of cancer. Cancer management and chemo protocols also depend on the progression and site where it develops. Cancers like breast, lung, liver, colorectal, prostate, head and neck carcinoma are most commonly diagnosed in Pakistan. This review briefly describes the three most common cancers prevailing in Pakistan and their management evaluation.
Highlights
Cancer may be defined as a cluster of diseases marked by unrestrained enlargement and proliferation of uncharacteristic cells that can influence any body part (Mancini et al, 1997)
This review briefly describes the three most common cancers prevailing in Pakistan and their management evaluation
External factors include tobacco or alcohol use, malnourishment, obesity,physical inactivity, exposure to radiation, chemicals, pollution of air, human papilloma virus (HPV) hepatitis B virus (HBV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other infections caused by bacteria
Summary
Cancer may be defined as a cluster of diseases marked by unrestrained enlargement and proliferation of uncharacteristic cells that can influence any body part (Mancini et al, 1997). Abnormal cells have potential to invade adjacent body parts and can reach to other organs either by lymph node or blood vessels. This process of rapid invasion is usually referred to as metastasis (Leber and Efferth, 2009). In 2012, it was anticipated that approximately 14.1 million most recent cancer cases and 8.2 million cancer causing deaths has been reported. Nitrogen dioxide and other nitrogenous oxides are included in reactive nitrogen species (Cerutti, 1994) These both types of reactive oxygen and nitrogen radicals play a crucial role to initiate cancer by means of mutagenesis (Waris and Ahsan, 2006). These reactive species can encompass following consequences: i) Initiate the modification of genetic makeup, e.g. base pair alteration, reshuffling, removal, addition and strengthening of order (Halliwell, 1994). ii) Have an influence on signal transduction pathways of cytoplasm and nucleus. (Schreck et al, 1992; Valko et al, 2007). iii) Activity pattern of proteins and genes are transformed that react in response to stress conditions which can leads to abnormal propagation, discrimination and apoptosis of cells. (Jackson, 1994)
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