Abstract
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing rapidly worldwide. A healthy diet supporting the control of energy intake and body weight has major importance in the prevention of T2D. For example, a high intake of whole grain foods (WGF) has been shown to be inversely associated with risk for T2D. The objective of the study was to estimate the expected health economic impacts of increased WGF consumption to decrease the incidence of T2D in the Finnish adult population. A health economic model utilizing data from multiple national databases and published scientific literature was constructed to estimate these population-level health economic consequences. Among the adult Finnish population, increased WGF consumption could reduce T2D-related costs between 286€ and 989€ million during the next 10-year time horizon depending on the applied scenario (i.e., a 10%-unit increase in a proportion of daily WGF users, an increased number (i.e., two or more) of WGF servings a day, or alternatively a combination of these scenarios). Over the next 20–30 years, a population-wide increase in WGF consumption could lead to much higher benefits. Furthermore, depending on the applied scenario, between 1323 and 154,094 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) could be gained at the population level due to decreased T2D-related morbidity and mortality during the next 10 to 30 years. The results indicate that even when the current level of daily WGF consumption is already at a relatively high-level in a global context, increased WGF consumption could lead to important health gains and savings in the Finnish adult population.
Highlights
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is one of the most common metabolic diseases and represents a leading cause of morbidity and mortality because of its related micro- and macrovascular complications
Observational evidence has suggested that whole grain foods (WGF) are beneficial in regard to T2D risk [4,5,6,7,8,9,10], and the finding has been supported by an intervention study that has emphasized the consumption of WGFs as a way to increase dietary fiber intake [11,12]
Around 76% and 67% of Finnish men and women, respectively, Observational evidence has suggested that WGFs are beneficial in regard to T2D risk [4,5,6,7,8,9,10], and the finding has been supported by an intervention study that has emphasized the consumption of WGFs as a way to increase dietary fiber intake [11,12]
Summary
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is one of the most common metabolic diseases and represents a leading cause of morbidity and mortality because of its related micro- and macrovascular complications. Observational evidence has suggested that WGFs are beneficial in regard to T2D risk [4,5,6,7,8,9,10], and the finding has been supported by an intervention study that has emphasized the consumption of WGFs as a way to increase dietary fiber intake [11,12]. Around 76% and 67% of Finnish men and women, respectively, In Finland, daily WGF consumption is relatively high compared with many other countries [13]. Around 76% and 67% of Finnish men and women, respectively, reach the daily goal of dietary fiber intake as recommended by the national nutritio2noaf 1l3 guidelines [14]. Fiber-rich WGFs contain other components, which may offer important beneficial effects including balanced glucose metabolism [15,16,17] and many otrheearchhethalethdcaoilnydgitoioalnos f[1d8i,e1t9a]r.yTfihbuesr, tihnetafkoermasulraetciomn amnednpdreodmboytitohneonfaWtioGnFasl mnuatyrihtiaovneal siggunidfieclaintesh[e1a4l]t.hInanadddeictoionno,mfiibcerc-ornicsheqWuGenFcsecsornetgaainrdointhgerthceomprpeovneennttios,nwohficTh2Dmaayt othffeer piompuploarttiaonntlbevenele,fiacsiainl deifcfeactetsd ibnyclpurdeivnigoubsalmanocdeedlingglusctousdeiems efrtoabmolAisumstr[1a5li–a1a7n] danCdanmaadnay [2o0t–h2e2r].hTeoalthhigcholingdhittitohnesp[o1t8e,1n9ti]a. l Tofhsuusc, hthpeolfiocrimesuilnattihoenFaindnisphrosmettoitnigo,nthoef aWimGFosf mthaey phreasveentssigtundifiycwanatshtoeaelvthaluanatde ethcoensoamvinicgscopnosteeqnutieanl caesswregllaarsdihnegaltheimppreavcetsntiniotneromf sTo2fD quataltihtye-apdojpuustleadtiolinfeleyveealr,sa(sQiAnLdYicsa)teodf ibnycrpearseivnigoudsaimlyoWdeGliFngcosntusudmiepstfiroonmasAaumstertahlioadatnod dCecarneaadsea t[h2e0–i2n2c]i.dTeoncheigohflTig2hDt tahnedpiotstecnotniasleoqfuseuncchespionlicthieesFinintnhieshFiandnuislht psoetptiunlga,titohne.aim of the present study was to evaluate the savings potential as well as health impacts in terms
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