Abstract
Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) facilitate a wide range of aquatic applications in various domains. However, the harsh underwater environment poses challenges like low bandwidth, long propagation delay, high bit error rate, high deployment cost, irregular topological structure, etc. Node mobility and the uneven distribution of sensor nodes create void holes in UWSNs. Void hole creation has become a critical issue in UWSNs, as it severely affects the network performance. Avoiding void hole creation benefits better coverage over an area, less energy consumption in the network and high throughput. For this purpose, minimization of void hole probability particularly in local sparse regions is focused on in this paper. The two-hop adaptive hop by hop vector-based forwarding (2hop-AHH-VBF) protocol aims to avoid the void hole with the help of two-hop neighbor node information. The other protocol, quality forwarding adaptive hop by hop vector-based forwarding (QF-AHH-VBF), selects an optimal forwarder based on the composite priority function. QF-AHH-VBF improves network good-put because of optimal forwarder selection. QF-AHH-VBF aims to reduce void hole probability by optimally selecting next hop forwarders. To attain better network performance, mathematical problem formulation based on linear programming is performed. Simulation results show that by opting these mechanisms, significant reduction in end-to-end delay and better throughput are achieved in the network.
Highlights
In recent years, underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have gained much attention due to their growing application horizons like ocean exploration, disaster prevention, oil and gas extraction, technical surveillance for defense, etc
The weighting depth and forwarding area division depth-based routing (WDFAD-DBR) protocol addresses the problem of void holes in Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs)
Performance metrics used in this paper are: energy tax, packet delivery ratio (PDR), end-to-end delay and accumulated propagation distance (APD)
Summary
Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have gained much attention due to their growing application horizons like ocean exploration, disaster prevention, oil and gas extraction, technical surveillance for defense, etc. The underwater acoustic communication faces unique challenges like limited available bandwidth, high end-to-end delay, severely impaired channel, etc. Severe channel impairments cause a high bit error rate Both of these factors together affect the communication efficiency of UWSNs. The aforementioned reasons and constraints restrict the performance of conventional terrestrial schemes in the underwater environment. Quality forwarding adaptive hop by hop vector-based forwarding (QF-AHH-VBF), aim to maximize network throughput and minimize delay. The remainder paper is structured as follows: state of the art work is categorized and tabulated in Section 2; Section 3 depicts a brief description of the network architecture following the subsections, problem definition and proposed schemes; in Section 4, the linear programming-based mathematical formulation is presented; simulation results in Section 5 are followed by Section 6 and Section 7, concluding the paper and discussing trade-off and conclusion, respectively
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