Abstract
Biofilms are multicellular communities of microbes that are encased within an extracellular matrix. Environmental factors induce bacteria to form biofilm. Bacteria have several regulatory mechanisms in response to environmental changes, and the two-component signal transduction system (TCS) is a major strategy in connecting changes in input signals to changes in cellular physiological output. The TCS employs multiple mechanisms such as cross-regulation, to integrate and coordinate various input stimuli to control biofilm formation. In this mini-review, we demonstrate the roles of TCS on biofilm formation, illustrating these input signals and modulation modes, which may be utilized by future investigations in elucidating the regulatory signals and underlying the mechanisms of biofilm formation.
Highlights
Biofilms are common lifestyle, wherein bacteria grow as surface-associated multicellular communities
transduction system (TCS) is a key strategy for bacteria to monitor environmental or internal signals and translate these stimuli into appropriate cellular responses
TCS is the main pathway involved in bacterial biofilm formation, and extensive investigations have been conducted to date
Summary
Wherein bacteria grow as surface-associated multicellular communities (reviewed by Flemming and Wingender, 2010; Flemming et al, 2016). The natural environment is highly complex, and it is difficult to identify the specific environmental factors that induce or inhibit biofilm formation. The environmental factors that regulate biofilm formation can be identified by determining the input signals of these TCSs that are involved in the biofilm formation pathway (Stubbendieck and Straight, 2017; Camargo et al, 2018). TCS is the predominant mode for bacteria to sense and respond to environmental changes (reviewed by Capra and Laub, 2012). It consists of a receptor histidine kinase (HK) and a cognate response regulator (RR).
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