Tungsten (VI) speciation in hydrothermal solutions up to 400°C as revealed by in-situ Raman spectroscopy

Abstract

Tungsten (VI) speciation in hydrothermal solutions is investigated through in-situ Raman spectroscopy coupled with the fused silica glass capillary technique at temperatures up to 400 °C. The effect of temperature, pH, chlorinity and carbonate speciation are evaluated in systems with highly soluble salts Na2WO4 and Na6W12O39. At all investigated temperatures, the tungstate ion WO42− (927 cm−1) is the only W species in solution at pH > 10. At a given pH, the presence of dissolved carbonates and chloride does not affect the tungsten speciation. Tungsten polymers remain stable up to 400 °C under acidic to circum-neutral pH conditions and total tungsten concentration above 0.01 mol⋅kgH2O−1. Among the three observed polymers, namely [W7O24]6− (paratungstate-A, ∼960 cm−1), [W10O32]4− (tungstate-Y, ∼970 cm−1), and α-[H2W12O40]6− (α-metatungstate, ∼990 cm−1), only the hepta- and dodeca-tungstate are stable at elevated temperature. Combined with revised literature data, these results allow the thermodynamic stability constants of these W polymers to be constrained, enabling quantitative predictions of their relative abundance at temperatures up to 300 °C. These predictions suggest that W polymerization occurs under hydrothermal conditions even at low W concentration (down to 10-3 mol·kgH2O−1) under acidic conditions. These observations imply that the currently available geochemical models on W transport and deposition in deep and hot geological fluids need to be revised.