Tuberculosis Diagnosis in Patients Co-Infected with HIV: A Review

Abstract

Co-infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Tuberculosis (TB) interacts in fundamentally significant ways. Pathophysiological, clinical, and epidemiological evidence all support this connection. HIV-positive and HIV-negative TB patients differ in a few ways that could affect practical diagnostics. When immunosuppression increases, TB becomes more transmissible in nature and more challenging to diagnose using standard diagnostic methods. Better diagnostic methods should be taken into account as TB control measures since TB rates are rising in areas where HIV is widespread. It is necessary to create more approachable methods that can be modified for usage in high-burden and low-income nations. This review focuses on the challenges associated with detecting co-infection between HIV and TB, giving an update on existing diagnostic methods and describing potential developments in light of the HIV pandemic.