Abstract
Agaricus section Minores contains the richest species diversity within the genus. Its Phylogeny is firstly presented by a Maximum Likelihood tree generated through DNA sequences from four gene regions of 91 species. Furthermore, a molecular dating analysis is conducted used those sequences, and it provided the divergence times of the clades within section Minores. Study showed section Minores has a tropical origin. Four main dispersal routes are proposed: (1) species from South Asia migrated through the Tibetan Plateau and reached Europe ca. 9–13 Ma; (2) species from out of South Asia dispersed to Europe in the earlier time of ca. 22 Ma; (3) species from South Asia dispersed through North Asia to Alaska, and reached West America around ca. 9 Ma; and (4) species from South Asia dispersed south and reached Oceania by at least three invading events about ca. 9, 12 and 16–18 Ma respectively. Those routes excepting the second route coincide with those of ectomycorrhizal mushrooms. To know whether the second route existed in the saprotrophic mushrooms requires further studies, and the fourth route may explain why the secotioid species occurring in Australia are morphologically similar but cluster in different phylogenetic clades. This study also demonstrates a great biodiversity of A. section Minores in China. Sixteen new species and three new records are introduced from China with morphological descriptions, illustrations, color photographs and phylogenetic analyses.
Highlights
Agaricus L. (Agaricaceae, Agaricales), the type genus of Agaricaceae, contains abundant species distributed across all continents[1, 2]
Species of section Minores were known by their small basidiomes, but recent studies have shown that species from this section can have large-sized basidiomes[8, 18, 19], which provides the possibility of developing some species as cultivated mushrooms for food[10, 18]
A totally of 154 assembled multi-gene sequences were included for phylogenetic reconstruction, representing 97 species from the subgenus Minores, including 91 species of the section Minores, three species of the section Leucocarpi, three species of unnamed section 1; one species of subgenus Minoriopsis and the outgroup taxon A. campestris L
Summary
Agaricus L. (Agaricaceae, Agaricales), the type genus of Agaricaceae, contains abundant species distributed across all continents[1, 2]. (Agaricaceae, Agaricales), the type genus of Agaricaceae, contains abundant species distributed across all continents[1, 2]. A taxonomic system for Agaricus comprising three subgenera and eight sections was used for a long time[4, 12, 13]. Some of those sections have been confirmed as monophyletic groups, such as A. section Bivelares (Kauffman) L.A. Parra[14], while some others have been shown to be polyphyletic, such as section Spissicaules (Heinem.) Kerrigan[13]. Agaricus was segregated into five subgenera and 20 sections, subgenus Minores was established and comprised three sections. It was hypothesized that there are at least 200 species worldwide[10]
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