Abstract
Cyclocaryapaliurus leaves are rich in triterpenoids with positive results in the treatment of diabetes, antioxidation, and scavenging free radicals. C. paliurus red leaves have been found to contain higher flavonoids including anthocyanin, however, the triterpenoids accumulation pattern is still unclear. For the purpose of researching the triterpenoid accumulating mechanism during red new leaf development, transcriptome and metabolome analysis was conducted during C. paliurus the red leaf development process. The results uncovered that most triterpenoid ingredients were found to accumulate during leaves turning green, while the unique ingredients content including cyclocaric acid A, cyclocarioside I, cyclocarioside Ⅱand cyclocarioside Ⅲ decreased or remained unchanged. Functional structure genes (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase, hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase, and farnesyl-diphosphate synthase) were identified for promoting triterpenoids accumulation mainly in the mevalonic acid pathway (MVA). Moreover, glycosyltransferase (UGT73C, UGT85A, and UGT85K) was also found attributed to triterpenoids accumulation. These findings provide information for a better understanding of the triterpenoid biosynthesis mechanism during leaf development and will be useful for targeted breeding.
Highlights
Cyclocarya paliurus (Batalin) Iljinsk. is a tree species only distributed in subtropical areas of China, and the tree leaves contain abundant health benefits such as secondary metabolite [1,2,3]
According to the Log2FC value, individuals with higher levels including madasiatic acid, 3O-(2-O-Acetyl-glucosyl) oleanolic acid, and pomolic acid increased from C stage to A stage with log2FC C vs. A being 2.1, 1.0, and 3.3; while most unique ingredients in C. paliurus leaves decreased in the leaf development process, including cyclocarioside I, cyclocariosid III, and cyclocaric acid A
5 UGT73C, 1 UGT85A, and 3 UGT85K exhibited significant expression differences during LC1 leaf development mainly from the UGT73 and 85 families. These UGTs families were tightly correlated to triterpene saponins biosynthesis, and 4 UGT73C, 1 UGT85A, and 2 UGT85K were up-regulated in the old green leaf period
Summary
Cyclocarya paliurus (Batalin) Iljinsk. is a tree species only distributed in subtropical areas of China, and the tree leaves contain abundant health benefits such as secondary metabolite [1,2,3]. Triterpenoids and flavonoids have been found to exhibit strong bioactivities. Health-benefitting triterpenoids including cyclocarioside I, cyclocarioside II, cyclocarioside III, cyclocaric acid A, and cyclocaric acid B are unique ingredients contained in C. paliurus leaves [4]. High levels of oleanolic acid and arjunolic acid improved the bioactivities of total triterpenoids. C. paliurus triterpenoids have shown positive results in the treatment of diabetes, antioxidation, scavenging free radicals, and improving drinking flavor [5,6]. It was found that the red new leaves in plants always accumulate more flavonoids (anthocyanins) [7,8], while the triterpenoids accumulation pattern has not been previously studied in C. paliurus resources with red new leaves. According to a previous study, triterpenoids and flavonoids exhibited accumulating differences between different C. paliurus genotypes [6]. Comprehensive and systematic studies are needed for analyzing the total triterpenoids and triterpenoid variation pattern in leave coloring stages
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