Developing a Model to Study Walking and Public Transport to Attractive Green Spaces for Equitable Access to Health and Socializing Opportunities as a Response to Climate Change: Testing the Model in Pu’er City, China

At present, when planning the allocation of recreational green space in urban and rural areas, there is often a cognitive bias against rural recreational green space, and planners, designers, and government officials often think that the countryside is a productive green space, so they do not set up a special leisure green space for rural residents to use. Therefore, this study first analyzed the relevant data of the National Leisure Life Survey and the Guizhou Provincial Statistical Survey Corps Family Housing Survey, and compared and discussed the degree of urbanization, the distance to leisure places, the demand for community parks, and the demand for activity centers. Secondly, 112 residents and 236 residents sampled by random telephone were selected from the household income and expenditure survey of the Guizhou Provincial Statistical Survey Corps, and the questionnaire survey and empirical research were carried out to further evaluate the differences in residents’ demand for green space according to the different attributes of urban and rural residences (urban, intermediary, and rural). The results of this study show that both the data analysis and the empirical research obtained by the Guizhou Provincial Statistical Survey Corps confirm that urban and rural residents have a demand for recreational green space, indicating that no significant difference was found in the demand for recreational green space between urban and rural residents. Green space is important for both urban and rural residents, and the results of this study hope to reverse the bias of policymakers on the planning strategy of urban and rural recreational green space.

Urban areas have been experiencing unprecedented growth since the beginning of the 20th century. Rapid urbanization is likely to present various challenges relating to human health, food security, water and energy needs, aesthetic and recreational spaces. Thus, the United Nations Agenda 2030 premised on economic, social and environmental sustainability may not be realized. This paper focuses on the recreational facilities in Karura Forest located in the peri-urban area of Nairobi City. It uses both quantitative and qualitative research design. In-depth literature review was used to enrich research findings. Data was collected from a selected sample of 1150 Nairobi residents. It provides an inventory of recreational facilities and examines the contribution open and green spaces make to the residents. The preferences of these residents to visit the facilities are also documented. The study found out that about 77.6% of the visitors came from nearby high-income areas of Muthaiga, Nyari, Rosslyn, Peponi and Runda, about 21.4% came from middle-income areas of Parklands, Mlolongo, Athi River and Langata while only a paltry 1% came from the low-income areas of Kangemi, Ngara, Huruma and DeepSea slums. Most of the visitors were between 14 and 52 years of age. Findings are expected to inform policy and future urban planning for green spaces and their recreational value. To ensure sustainable development in the future, there is need to preserve the existing open and recreational green facilities in Nairobi. Both the County and National Governments should formulate and implement the Sustainable Kenyan Cities Policy to preserve open and green spaces in the rapidly growing urban areas of the country.

PurposeEvidence suggests that green space use for physical activity significantly benefits to maintenance and improvement of public health. Settlements need to provide adequate access to public green spaces which enable and encourage physical activity. Provision of publicly accessible green spaces is therefore often included in different sectoral strategies and policies. However, to really meet goals and objectives, declared in these documents, appropriate and efficient actions need to be taken in spatial development practice on a local level.MethodsWe present the approach, developed within the first year of the national research project PREZENCA, which aims at developing indicators for the assessment of the provision of settlements with green spaces for outdoor physical activity in Slovenian municipalities. The approach may be of interest to countries which have adequately developed strategic spatial planning of urban green spaces but lack useful tools to assess the current state and to monitor changes in the provision of quality green and other outdoor spaces to encourage physical activity.ResultsThe approach is based on a comprehensive analysis of examples and possibilities for measuring presence and quantity of green spaces, defining green space types, and measuring citizens’ accessibility and use of green spaces for physical activity. Content analysis of existing planning documents on a local level was carried out to elaborate: (1) whether the provision of green spaces in settlements in Slovenia is defined and how (2) which population groups are addressed and (3) where such content should be put into policy documents to support implementation in practice. Based on the results, the suggestions on relevant factors and indicators of green space provision and quality for physical activity were prepared to be further developed for evaluation and monitoring on the local level and included into spatial planning practice and policies.ConclusionFurthermore, we discuss the importance of establishing local standards and possibilities to include them into planning documents to form the basis for long-term monitoring of the condition of publicly accessible green spaces for recreational use by residents.

Recreational green space (RGS) offers the most intuitive place for urban residents to get in touch with nature. The service radiation of RGS is related to the travel mode, however, residents’ travel behavior has long been ignored in the study of RGS services. This paper considers the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay Area (GBA), uses multi-source data, refines the spatial distribution of residents, extracts and classifies the RGS into three categories (township (TRGS), country (CRGS), and urban (URGS)), and analyzes the spatial distribution of the three types of RGS. Using the travel isochrone, the RGS services coverage (including spatial and population coverage) in 11 cities within the GBA is defined by multiple travel modes. Finally, a comprehensive evaluation of the RGS services in the GBA is conducted based on the residents’ transportation choice willingness and recreational selection. The results showed that: (1) TRGSs are mainly distributed in the suburbs, URGSs are mainly concentrated in the mid-western and southern regions, and CRGSs are mostly concentrated in the center of the GBA. (2) For daily travel (15-min and 30-min travel modes), the coverage of the RGS services is unevenly distributed, while under the 60-min travel mode, the RGS services can almost fully cover the residents in the GBA (SPURGS > 99%). (3) The RGS service of the central cities (Hong Kong, Macau) is better than that of the edge cities (Zhaoqing, Jiangmen), and the different city types should adopt different RGS planning and management strategies. This study provides a reference for RGS refined planning and maintenance in mega-urban agglomerations.

Environment through the provision of parks and green open spaces (RTH), is carried out area and number of residents spread across the Jambi. urban areas is very necessary. Parks are needed to maintain land availability, as water catchment areas, which can play a role in helping water absorption, so that the supply of water in the ground (water saving) increases and reduces the potential for flooding, by reducing the amount of water runoff. This study used a quantitative descriptive method with research from the Jambi City Statistics Center (BPS). The research was carried out in the Administrative Region of Jambi City. The results of the analysis provision of public green space based on the area need for public green open space in Jambi City is 3,617.50 ha. The available public open space area is around 779.02 ha. Based on these results, there is a difference in the area of 2,838.48 ha, and the provision of public green open space based on population according to Minister of Public Works Regulation Number. 5 of 2008 it can be seen that the need for a park area in Jambi City is 1,243.70 ha. The available garden area is approximately 188,388.27 m2 or 18.84 ha. Based on these results, there is a difference in area shortage of 1,224.86 ha. Jambi City over the past 13 years (2020-2033) Some strategies Increasing the area of public open space in fulfilling intrinsic and extrinsic functions, socializing the availability of green space functions for life and the environment and Spatial planning that is equal to 20% for public open space from the total area of the city. The area of green open space in Jambi City is only 779.02 ha and is very far from the area of Jambi City which is ± 20,538 ha.

Recreational green spaces are associated with human thriving and well-being. During the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic a spotlight has been shed on the interconnection between access to these spaces, human well-being and social equity. Containment measures enacted in many cities effectively precluded people from reaching distant recreational areas during the pandemic and consequently, recreational areas close to home became particularly important. Urban density is often associated with building or population density with the assumption that if either parameter has a high value, the availability of open (green) space is low. Certain densities are associated with specific spatial qualities. Addressing challenges of sustainable development, a detailed evaluation of density is necessary to allow evidence-based arguments, planning and decision-making. In this study we develop a multi-scale analysis method for quantifying and assessing green infrastructures from settlement unit to building level to reach a differentiated view on density, arguing that density can be organized in different ways achieving very different qualities. For this purpose, we use geospatial-data analysis and in-depth neighborhood studies to compare two cities in Asia and Europe, revealing different ways of organizing density in the built environment and identifying a derivation of approaches for sustainable development in dense urban regions.

Urban green spaces, involve gardens, vegetation cover and trees, contribute to ecosystem services. Green spaces enhance residents’ public health through promoting physical activities and psychological well-being particularly contributing in protecting people’s health from the negative effects caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The aim of the research is to examine the relationship between perceived green space and health with interaction of green space correlation and its socio-economic features. This paper investigates how the provision of green spaces and correlated features are associated with the improved residents’ health in residential areas. However, this association varies according to urban design quality. The analysis and its interpretation that include environmental and socio-economic variables suggest that green spaces play a vital role in benefiting residents’ health and providing more greening communities. Ecological factors include quality and access to green spaces that affect its uses for physical activities. Walking for recreational could explain the association between green space and general health. Urban designers and ecologists thus need to pay attention to greenery that can promote environmental sustainability.

The negative effects of long working hours and shift work on the physical and mental health of blue-collar groups should not be underestimated. Under intense stress, they have limited time to access recreational green space, and their own health is thus affected. In this study, a conceptual model of recreational satisfaction among blue-collar workers was established based on the American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI). The model explores the factors affecting their level of satisfaction when using recreational spaces. Anning Industrial Park in Yunnan Province was used as an example. User data were collected and analyzed using a questionnaire survey and structural equation methods. The results indicate that recreation intention, perceived park quality characteristics, and perceived value all had significant and positive effects on the park recreation satisfaction of blue-collar workers. This study applied social economics theory to the field of landscape planning, identified the typical characteristics of blue-collar workers and their green space use, and strived to optimize the UGS configuration and functional facilities through the evaluation of recreation satisfaction indexes, which provided guidance and reference for improving the service quality of green spaces.

Urban growth in and around European cities affects multiple aspects of the environment including green spaces. On the one hand, many cities struggle with environmental problems, overcrowding and overuse resulting from high population densities. On the other hand, high densities result in better access to public green spaces, effective public transport, or less demand for resources. Consequently, finding a balance between density and high liveability in a green and sustainable urban environment is a major challenge for urban planning. Although many studies effectively report and discuss the provision of green spaces in European cities, they lack a systematic answer to what extent the provision of green spaces meets the potential population demand, and to what extent the differences can be detected between types of green. Against this background, this paper develops a systematic understanding of green space supply and its relation to the residential density of cities. In so doing, it detects turning points of green space supply in 905 European cities. The results show that green space supply is sensitive to the type of green space, population size and location of cities. While the supply for total green spaces is constantly decreasing with increasing residential density, the relation between residential density and the supply of urban green indicates turning points. At a certain residential density cities have a high potential to optimise the balance between sustainability and liveability. However, there is no single optimal residential density. Rather, with increasing residential density the green space supply is decreasing and cities need to define different qualities for differently dense neighbourhoods accounting for their specific character and their location within the urban continuum. As for most of the European cities a decrease of urban population or built-up area in the future cannot be expected. By systematically understanding the linkages between green spaces in cities and residential densities, this paper uncovers densities that indicate a turning point of green space supply, which can be used as a comparative instrument in order to respond to the growing need for better green space management planning in areas of high residential density.

Investigation of Adoption and Cognizance of Urban Green Spaces in India: Post COVID-19 Scenarios

Availability of green and blue spaces in the area of residence has been related to various health outcomes during childhood, including neurodevelopment. Some studies have shown that children living in greener and/or bluer areas score better on cognitive tasks although the evidence is inconsistent. These protective effects are hypothesized to occur in part through reductions in air pollution exposure and odds of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study analysed the effects of residential green and blue spaces on working memory of children in the Spanish INfancia y Medio Ambiente (INMA) birth cohort and the potential joint mediating role of air pollution and ADHD. The study samples were composed of 1738 six-to eight-year-olds (M = 7.53, SD = 0.68, 49% female) and 1449 ten-to twelve-year-olds (M = 11.18, SD = 0.69, 50% female) living in Asturias, Gipuzkoa, Sabadell or Valencia, Spain. Individual Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values in 100-, 300- and 500-m buffers and availability of green and blue spaces >5000 m2 in 300-m buffers were calculated using Geographic Information Systems software. Individual NO2 values for the home environment were estimated using ESCAPE's land use regression models. ADHD diagnosis was reported by participants' parents via a questionnaire. Working memory was measured with numbers and colours (in the younger group only) N-back tests (2- and 3-back d’). Mixed-effects models informed of the beneficial effects of NDVI in a 300-m buffer on numerical working memory in the younger sample although the results were not consistent for all d’ scores considered and failed to detect significant effects through the candidate mediators. Availability of major blue spaces did not predict working memory performance. Provision of green spaces may play a role in children's working memory but further research is required.

Понятие «доступная среда» широко распространено в современном мире. Открытые озелененные пространства служат местами притяжения для жителей. Для повышения доступности и комфортности рекреационные озелененные пространства следует проектировать с учетом специфики всех категорий граждан. В Свердловском районе города Красноярска располагается общество слепых, учебно-производственные мастерские и Краевая библиотека – центр социокультурной реабилитации инвалидов по зрению. В статье обследован объект общего пользования – сквер «Светлый», который, в первую очередь, был спроектирован с учетом потребностей категорий граждан, имеющих особенности развития по зрению, и находится вокруг здания библиотеки. Выполнен анализ ситуационного плана, функционального зонирования территории сквера, баланса территории и визуальная оценка состояния объекта. Проводился мониторинг рекреационной и антропогенной нагрузки, который показал, что большая нагрузка отдыхающими и транзитными посетителями приходится на выходные дни теплого времени года (июль). Исследования об интенсивности автотехногенной нагрузки, которые показали, что на улице 60 лет Октября ее интенсивность соответствует оценке «удовлетворительно», на ул. Свердловская интенсивность оценивается как «напряженная». В результате инвентаризационной оценки насаждений сквера за период с 2021 по 2024 год представлена динамика количества деревьев и кустарников. За данный период в насаждениях погибла береза повислая – 66%, черемуха обыкновенная – 33%, ива курайская – 28%, ива ломкая – 23%, арония черноплодная – 30%, можжевельник казацкий – 46%, сирень амурская – 22%, сосна горная – 34%, спирея японская – 40%, спирея серая – 34%. При этом наблюдается положительная динамика: увеличилось количество яблонь сибирской – 40%, Недзвецкого – 16%, а также чубушника венечного – 8%. The concept of an accessible environment is widespread in the modern world. Open green spaces serve as places of attraction for residents. To increase accessibility and comfort, recreational green spaces should be designed according to particular characteristics of all categories of citizens. In the Sverdlovsky district of the city of Krasnoyarsk, there is a Blind Association, educational and industrial workshops and a regional library - a center of socio-cultural rehabilitation of the visually impaired. The article examines a public facility – the Svetly park, which was primarily designed taking into account the concerns of citizens with special needs in vision and is located around the library. An analysis of the layout plan, functional zoning of the park territory, land-use distribution and a visual assessment of the state of the object were performed. Monitoring of recreational and anthropogenic load was carried out, which showed that the largest load occurred by holiday-makers and transit visitors on weekends during the warm season (in July). Studies on the level of effects of auto-technogenic load, which showed that on 60 let Oktyabrya street its intensity corresponded to the assessment of “satisfactory”, on Sverdlovsk street intensity is assessed as “tense”. As a result of the inventory assessment of the park’s plantings for the period from 2021 to 2024, the dynamics of the number of trees and shrubs is presented. During this period, the following trees perished in the plantings: 66% of silver birch, 33% of common bird cherry trees, 28% of Kurai willow, 23% of crack willow, 30% of black chokeberry, 46% savin juniper, 22% of Amur lilac, 34% of mountain pine, 40% of Japanese spirea, 34% of gray spirea. At the same time, positive dynamics can be observed: the number of Siberian apple trees has increased - 40%, Nedzvetsky - 16%, as well as crown mock orange – 8%.

This study examines the spatio-temporal and projected dynamics of land use and land cover (LULC) changes in Durban Metropolis, South Africa. The research problem focuses on the growing tension between urban sprawl and the ecological sustainability of recreational parks in Durban Metropolis. As rapid urban expansion continues to encroach upon the recreational green spaces, it exacerbates degradation, threatening biodiversity and undermining ecosystem resilience. This study's significance extends to Higher Educational Institutions (HEIs) by demonstrating how GIS technology can be integrated into research, teaching, and learning to enhance environmental literacy and promote sustainable development principles. This research also contributes to bridging the gap between environmental research and pedagogy, empowering educators and students to engage actively in ecosystem conservation. The study adopts the Place-Based Education (PBE) Frameworks, providing a foundation for understanding the interconnectedness between societies and ecosystems, thereby aligning well with the study’s emphasis on advancing environmental education. A quantitative research approach was employed, combining GIS-based spatial analysis of satellite imagery with quantitative data. Base maps from 2004, 2014, 2024 and projections for 2034 for 9 major parks were analyzed to project trends in vegetation loss and urban LULC for the study area in 2034, highlighting areas of significant ecological concern. Findings emphasize continued pressure on green spaces, underscoring the urgent need for conservation strategies. The study recommends integrating GIS-based tools in teaching sustainable urban development, fostering critical thinking, and promoting place-based learning to equip students with skills for analyzing and addressing real-world environmental challenges.

Urban greening schemes in Indonesia have experienced various challenges in providing quality green open space in sufficient quantities and need for a more appropriate scheme. In this case, the policy aspect is presumed to inhibit optimizing the provision and utilization of green open space in Indonesia. This study uses descriptive qualitative method that aims to analyze policy aspects related to the provision of green open space in large and dense urban areas with a case study Jakarta. It provides a basic analysis scheme to find the root cause of the urban greening schemes issue in Indonesia. The result shows that the provision of green open space has been mandated in various regulations and policies on a local to global scales. However, law enforcement efforts in implementing these policies and regulations require integrated and comprehensive endeavors to respond to the complexity of the public policy system related to the provision of green open space. In conclusion, this study needs an in-depth research to find complex and dynamic components associated with the complexity of providing green open space with a dynamic system approach. Keywords: Urban Greening Scheme; Law enforcement, Dynamic complexity

The density of a city affects the power to build an area. Regional development has a large impact on compaction and land cover on an area. This will certainly affect the reduced availability of open land, especially green open space (GOS) in an area. At the mandate of the government through Law No. 26 of 2007 concerning spatial planning it is required that within an area the availability of green open space be 30% of the total area. Badung Regency need for green space with a minimum area standard / capita of 0.3 m2 will obtain the area of ??green park needs of the City of 18,900 m2. The need for green space is then initiated by the Government of Badung Regency that the procurement will be followed by the provision of public space functions in the form of city parks. In the provision of green space in the form of city parks, a study of locations that will be used as city parks is needed. This location study begins by looking at locations that have potential by looking at accessibility, social, cultural, economic, and physical conditions as well as permits and regulations related to the land status. Therefore, it is deemed necessary to conduct a site study using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. That way it will be easier to conclude and determine the best location as a function of green open space as well as public open space in the form of city parks.
 Keywords : Location, Green Open Space, City Park, Mangupura