Triply periodic minimal surfaces based functionally graded biomimetic scaffold fabrication via stereolithography

Abstract

Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces (TPMS), a class of intricate mathematical surfaces, have emerged as a promising framework for scaffold design due to their ability to replicate the complex geometries found in biological structures. Four TPMS structures, the Schwarz Diamond (D), Schwarz Primitive (P), Gyroid, and IWP (I-wrapped package) were designed for both uniform and graded density and additively manufactured through Stereolithography based additive manufacturing (AM) techniques using biomedical graded material. Two different mechanical tests, tensile and compression tests were examined on the TPMS structure to study their mechanical properties. The results showed that Schwarz D and IWP TPMS show greater tensile strength for both uniform and graded structures with 18.22 MPa and 14.41 MPa in uniform structures and 9.89 MPa and 9.23 MPa in graded structures of Schwarz D and IWP respectively. Uniform TPMSs show overall tensile strength over the graded TPMS. Compressive properties also show that Schwarz D and IWP TPMS have greater compressive strength in both uniform and graded TPMS, where overall graded structures show better strength over the uniform. Graded Schwarz D observed to have 100.68 MPa, and IWP TPMS has 99.57 MPa, and uniform Schwarz D has 33.94 MPa, whereas IWP TPMS shows 31.82 MPa compressive strength. Results reinforce the structure’s suitability for scaffold applications, particularly in contexts demanding robust mechanical integrity. The application of SLA AM with biomedical-graded material strengthens the viability in areas like tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.