Triple superphosphate modified by tin (II) chloride: As a reusable and efficient catalyst for the one-pot synthesis of xanthene and xanthenone derivatives under green conditions

Abstract

A simple method was developed for preparing tin (II) chloride-triple superphosphate. The material was thoroughly characterized using various techniques, including transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis. XRD analysis, BET, and SEM images indicated that the catalyst exhibited a crystalline structure and had particle sizes ranging from 21 to 23 nm. The catalytic performance was evaluated by conducting multicomponent one-pot condensation reactions. Specifically, the condensation of 2-naphthol with aldehydes and dimedone was conducted to produce 12-aryl(alkyl)-8,9,10,12 tetrahydrobenzo [a]xanthen-11-one derivatives, and the condensation of 2-naphthol with aldehydes was performed to synthesize 14-aryl(alkyl)-14H-dibenzo [a,j]xanthene derivatives. The acidic sites of the catalyst were determined using pyridine FTIR spectroscopy. The studies revealed that this catalyst system exhibited excellent performance, resulting in high product yields (88–96%) and reduced reaction times (12–20 min). The catalyst demonstrated high catalytic activity, good reusability, and a simple preparation method, thereby showing promise for potential industrial-scale applications.