Abstract
The number of raspberry plants dying from a sudden outbreak of gray mold, verticillium wilt, anthracnosis, and phytophthora infection has increased in recent times, leading to crop failure. The plants suffer tissue collapse and black roots, symptoms similar to a Botrytis–Verticillium–Colletotrichum–Phytophthora disease complex. A sizeable number of fungal isolates were acquired from the root and rhizosphere samples of wild raspberries from different locations. Subsequent in vitro tests revealed that a core consortium of 11 isolates of selected Trichoderma spp. was the most essential element for reducing in phytopathogen expansion. For this purpose, isolates were characterized by the efficiency of their antagonistic properties against Botrytis, Verticillium, Colletotrichum and Phytophthora isolates and with hydrolytic properties accelerating the decomposition of organic matter in the soil and thus making nutrients available to plants. Prebiotic additive supplementation with a mixture of adonitol, arabitol, erythritol, mannitol, sorbitol, and adenosine was proven in a laboratory experiment to be efficient in stimulating the growth of Trichoderma isolates. Through an in vivo pathosystem experiment, different raspberry naturalization-protection strategies (root inoculations and watering with native Trichoderma isolates, applied separately or simultaneously) were tested under controlled phytotron conditions. The experimental application of phytopathogens attenuated raspberry plant and soil properties, while Trichoderma consortium incorporation exhibited a certain trend of improving these features in terms of a short-term response, depending on the pathosystem and naturalization strategy. What is more, a laboratory-scale development of a biopreparation for the naturalization of the raspberry rhizosphere based on the Trichoderma consortium was proposed in the context of two application scenarios. The first was a ready-to-use formulation to be introduced while planting (pellets, gel). The second was a variant to be applied with naturalizing watering (soluble powder).
Highlights
IntroductionThey have health-promoting, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and at the same time, they are juicy and aromatic, which is why they are such a readily purchased commodity
The overriding goal of the presented work was to compose a fungal consortium for the biostimulation of plant growth and resistance, including the effective control of pathogens belonging to the following genus and species Botrytis, Verticillium, Colletotrichum and Phytophthora for the biopreparation of raspberry agroecological cultivation
This approach was dictated by the current research which shows that strains of Trichoderma spp. differ greatly in their effects on plants [29], the locally isolated microorganisms might be more effective against local pathogens than bacteria from different regions of the world [23]
Summary
They have health-promoting, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and at the same time, they are juicy and aromatic, which is why they are such a readily purchased commodity. The cultivation of raspberries plays a very important role in the horticultural production of many countries around the world. The phytopathogens of raspberries, which belong to the genus of Botrytis sp., Verticillium sp. For the most part cause enormous losses in the production of these fruit. These pathogens lead to diseases such as gray mold, verticillium wilt, anthracnosis, and phytophthora infection in soft fruit production, respectively, which lowers product quality [3]. There is an urgent need to develop effective biopreparations, which can stimulate the growth and resistance of raspberry plants, especially through the natural mechanisms of competition among microbes, including invasive fungal and fungal-like pathogens [4]
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