Trichoderma and chitin mixture based bioformulation for the management of head rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) deBary)–root-knot (Meloidogyne incognita Kofoid and White; Chitwood) complex diseases of cabbage

Abstract

The effect of application of different biocontrol agents (Trichoderma spp (eight isolates), Pseudomonas fluorescens (four isolates) and Bacillus subtilis (two isolates)) was tested against head rot fungus, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita complex diseases. In vitro studies showed that three Trichoderma isolates (Tvc1, Tvc2 and Thc) were effective in inhibition of mycelial growth of the fungus as well as egg hatching ability of the nematode. Application of talc based formulation of biocontrol agents (bioformulations) individually as well as in mixtures with or without chitin was tested against head rot–root-knot disease complex under greenhouse conditions. The combined application of bioformulation mixture (Tvc1, Tvc2 and Thc) along with chitin reduced the incidence of the complex diseases and induced significantly increased activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), peroxidase (PO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and chitinase in cabbage. Activities of PAL and chitinase reached maximum levels within 10 – 20 d, while the activity of PAL continued to be maintained up to 40 d after the application of Tvc1 + Tvc2 + Thc + chitin. Isozyme analyses observed that unique PO (PO1, PO2 PO3 and PO4) and PPO (PPO1, PPO2 and PPO3) enzymes were induced after 10 d in cabbage plants treated with Tvc1 + Tvc2 + Thc + chitin upon challenge inoculation with head rot–root-knot pathogens. Similarly, the bioformulation mixture with chitin was successful at reducing the incidence of head rot–root-knot apart from enhancing the crop yield under field conditions. The mechanism associated with reduced incidence of head rot–root-knot in cabbage may be due to induction of defense proteins (PAL, PO, PPO and chitinase) in the crop.