Abstract
BackgroundLead-containing glass wastes from crystal factories have environmentally harmful problems. In the current work, the reduction and the feasibility of recycling of such waste through the preparation of glass in the ternary system containing wastes—silica'sand—soda-lime-silica glass, were investigated in different ceramic or composite materials.ResultsThe ceramic samples are characterized by crystallization of kilchoanite (Ca3Si2O7) in addition to mixed Ce oxides [i.e., CeO2 and Ce2O3] in Pb-containing waste alone. In the other ceramic samples containing the three constituents, low quartz, tridymite, cristobalite, and wollastonite were developed. The microstructures of the later ceramics show scattered needles and interlocked ones spread in glassy matrix. The density, porosity, and compression strength values of ceramic samples were between 0.392 and 2.743 g/cc, 9.33% and 30.19%, and between 10.26 and 83.25 KN/mm2, respectively. However, sintered Pb glass-containing wastes have the highest porosity, lowest density, and compression strength. The leachability of Pb in ceramic samples, according to the standard method by ASTM-D3987 (American Standard for Testing Materials, 2012), was between 0.025 and 0.007 mg/L which is lower than the legal value (5 mg/L).ConclusionThe present product can be used in insulation, cladding brick, and as refractory (up to 900 °C) for the samples containing the three constituents.
Highlights
Heavy metals in industrial wastes are considered dangerous and anti-environment materials
In the case of WSG1, WSG2, and WSG3 sintered samples containing admixed Pbcontaining wastes—silica'sand and sod-lime-silica glass, low quartz was the main phase with cristobalite (ICDD card 82-1403, SiO2) and wollastonite in WSG1
Composite materials were prepared from Pb glass-containing wastes—silica'sand and sodalime-silica glass kilchoanite (Ca3Si2O7)—in addition to mixed Ce-oxides (Ce2O–Ce2O3) in sintered Pb glass containing wastes whereas low quartz, tridymite, cristobalite, and wollastonite were developed in the case of composites containing three constituents
Summary
Heavy metals in industrial wastes are considered dangerous and anti-environment materials. Waste glass was attractive to either keep the industrial wastes or produce new useful materials. Cathode ray tube glass (CRTs) of television sets, which has become limited in use, contains lead oxide up to 20–25 wt.% and is considered environmentally dangerous. Other treatment of CRTs with nitric acid was employed, and the product as fine aggregate was used in cement mortar (Ling and Poon 2013). Lead fuming slag (has high ratio of CaO, SiO2, FeO, and Al2O3) can be used with raw materials in glass-ceramics with good properties for construction purposes (Ponsota et al 2015). Addition of waste glass to lead fuming wastes can lower the melting temperature and reduce the heat-treatment (Yoon et al 2013; Pan et al 2018). Lead-containing glass wastes from crystal factories have environmentally harmful problems. The reduction and the feasibility of recycling of such waste through the preparation of glass in the ternary system containing wastes—silica'sand—soda-lime-silica glass, were investigated in different ceramic or composite materials
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