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Substance Abuse-Related Mortality Among Middle-Aged Male VA Psychiatric Patients

Saint Æþelberht of East Anglia in the South English Legendary Michael S. Nagy The compendious and rather eclectic collection of versified medieval saints' lives commonly known as the South English Legendary provides the modern scholar with a wide range of difficulties. The most obvious of these difficulties resides in the fact that the collection as a whole remains partially unedited. This state of editorial incompletion is particularly conspicuous in the largely ignored lives of Anglo-Saxon saints located in what Manfred Görlach calls the "E" redaction of the SEL manuscripts,1 for having been considered as later additional legends, these lives have until very recently been excluded from membership in the core of the South English Legendary. As Paul Acker asserts, however, because the SEL originated in Worcester and the "E" redaction manuscripts come from that area, the Anglo-Saxon saints' lives "may well have been part of the original SEL from its inception," and not later appendages or afterthoughts.2 A related problem that one encounters in approaching the SEL is that there is no "reliable indication as to . . . the author's intention, or [to] the use these texts actually served when they were current in the 14th Century."3 This lack of knowledge is, it seems, an effect of the difficulty outlined above, for in the absence of a completely edited body of work, one can barely perceive an individual life or group of lives within the whole of the SEL with any accuracy. It is for this reason that the current study, which focuses upon the Life of Saint Æþelberht of East Anglia, seeks not to make generalizations about the South English Legendary as a whole, but to add another edited text to its catalogue and to discuss the social, political, and religious contexts in which this particular life was likely used.4 That the previously unedited texts of the South English Legendary should indeed be edited is not an issue with which many medieval scholars have concerned themselves. Regrettably, this lack of interest is not surprising, for despite the fact that the SEL was one of the most popular vernacular texts in the late thirteenth and fourteenth centuries (if the number of its manuscripts and its wide geographic distribution are any indication), we [End Page 159] know very little about it. The author "(or the different contributors) did not name his sources, nor did he explicitly refer to the scope of his collection."5 In addition, with the exception of the Chronicle of Robert of Gloucester, no other medieval text quotes or refers to the SEL. Nevertheless, it can hardly be denied that vernacular saints' lives were an influential part of the medieval literary landscape. Caxton's Golden Legend, a translation of the Legenda aurea, was a bestseller from its initial publication in 1483 through the mid-1520s. Similarly, Chaucer's Second Nun's Tale is a translation of the life of Saint Cecelia, and Gower's Confessio Amantis retells the legend of Pope Sylvester's conversion of Constantine. Given the culturally prominent position that hagiography held in the Middle Ages, each augmentation of our limited knowledge is useful. The edition accompanying this essay will add another published text to the record. A logical place to begin one's treatment of a saint's life is to examine its likely sources. Discussing the existing earlier Latin versions from which the SEL Life of Saint Æþelberht might have been derived poses no small problem, for, as Görlach maintains, although "[t]he SEL text keeps to the main tradition [of the legend as] . . . represented by the three major Latin Lives"-that of Osbert of Stoke by Clare in Bibliotheca Hagiographica Latina 2627;6 that of Giraldus Cambrensis in London, British Library MS Cotton Vitellius E.vii, Bibliotheca Hagiographica Latina 2626; and the anonymous one in Cambridge, Corpus Christi College MS 3087-"it cannot be affiliated with any particular Latin source."8 This is not a particularly profound revelation, however, for the oldest of the three Latin Lives, the Corpus Christi, is the source for Osbert's version, which is, in turn, the source for Giraldus's.9 Thus, in failing to correspond with one of...

“New Books across the Disciplines” is a bibliographic resource that facilitates a cross-disciplinary survey of recent publications. Its scope ranges from late antiquity to the seventeenth century. Coverage is comprehensive for the large majority of North American and British publishers. Other European titles are included whenever received. Books are classified under variable topical headings and listed alphabetically by author's name. Entries include complete bibliographical data and annotations. Unless designated for paperback editions, prices given are for cloth editions. For paperback reprint editions, original publication dates are given in parentheses. With few exceptions, books appearing here have been published within the previous two years. Many will be presented here before they are ordered and shelved by libraries. Thanks go to David Aers and Sarah Beckwith for their collegial editorial contribution.The topics for this issue include: Editions and translationsManuscripts and printed booksChurch, reform, and devotionScience and medicineThe natural worldThe everydayAstell, Ann W., and Joseph Wawrykow, eds. Three Pseudo-Bernadine Works. With the assistance of Thomas Clemmons. Translated by members of the Catena Scholarium at the University of Notre Dame. Introduction by Dom Elias Dietz, OCSO. Cistercian Studies Series, vol. 273. Athens, Ohio: Cistercian Publications; Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical Press, 2018. xv, 160 pp. Paper $29.95. [Translations of Formula honestae vitae, Instructio sacerdotalis, and Tractatus de statu virtutum humilitatis, obedientiae, tomoris, et charitatis.]Bernard, of Clairvaux. Various Sermons. Translated by Grace Remington, OCSO. Introduction by Alice Chapman. Cistercian Fathers Series, vol. 84. Athens, Ohio: Cistercian Publications; Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical Press, 2020. xlix, 99 pp. Paperback $24.95. [Ten sermons on feast days.]Black, Joseph L., ed. The Martin Marprelate Press: A Documentary History. Publications of the Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies. Tudor and Stuart Texts, vol. 5. Toronto: Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies, 2020. 170 pp. Paper $21.95. [Collection of twenty edited documents, mainly from manuscript and archival sources, connected with the underground press that produced the anti-episcopal Martin Marprelate tracts (1588–89).]Böckerman, Robin Wahlsten, ed. and trans. The Bavarian Commentary and Ovid: Clm 4610, the Earliest Documented Commentary on the “Metamorphoses.” Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2020. 386 pp., 4 color illus. Gbp 33.95, paper Gbp 23.95. [First critical edition of Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, clm 4610, which dates to ca. 1100 and is the earliest systematic study of Ovid's Metamorphoses. Latin text with facing-page English translation.]Bokenham, Osbern. Lives of Saints, vol. 1. Edited by Simon Horobin. Early English Text Society, o.s., vol. 356. Oxford: Oxford University Press for the Early English Text Society, 2020. xi, 417 pp., 1 plate. $85.00. [Bokenham's translation of Jacobus de Voragine's Legenda aurea, complemented by lives of various British saints, is the first edition of a major work by the fifteenth-century English poet and translator. Vol. 1 of the projected three-volume edition contains the introduction and 65 of the 180 lives.]Caxton, William. Caxton's “Golden Legend,” Volume 1: Temporale. Edited by Mayumi Taguchi, John Scahill, and Satoko Tokunaga. Early English Text Society, o.s., vol. 355. Oxford: Oxford University Press for the Early English Text Society, 2020. lxxxviii, 236 pp., 4 illus. $85.00. [First scholarly edition of Caxton's English translation of the Jacobus de Voragine's Legenda aurea printed in 1483–84.]Cudworth, Ralph. Origenes Cantabrigiensis: Ralph Cudworth, “Predigt vor dem Unterhaus” un adnere Schriften. Edited and translated by Alfons Fürst and Christian Hengstermann. Adamantiana, vol. 11. Münster: Aschendorff Verlag, 2018. 311 pp. eur 54.00. [Editions of the letters, poems, and sermons by the Anglican clergyman and theologian, Ralph Cudworth, accompanied by six articles on his writings. English and Latin texts with facing-page German translations.]Da Vinci, Leonardo. Leonardo da Vinci's Codex Leicester: A New Edition. Edited and translated by Domenico Laurenza and Martin Kemp. 4 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020. Vol. 1 (83 pp.) contains a facsimile reproduction of the codex; vol. 2 (xv, 242 pp., 74 figs.) presents the history of the codex with interpretive essays; vol. 3 (x, 322 pp.) presents a transcription and English translation; vol. 4 (310 pp.) presents a modern English paraphrase and page-by-page commentary on the text. $390.00. [The four-volume edition of Leonardo's scientific notebook (36 folios) offers the first serious reconstruction of his legacy as a scientist.]Daniel, Henry. Liber Uricrisiarum: A Reading Edition. Edited by E. Ruth Harvey, M. Teresa Tavormina, and Sarah Star, eds. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2020. xix, 511 pp., 1 illus. $100.00. [Edition of the earliest known work of academic medicine written in Middle English (1370s).]Erasmus, Desiderius. Erasmus on the New Testament: Selections from the “Paraphrases,” the “Annotations,” and the Writings on Biblical Interpretation. Edited and translated by Robert D. Sider. Erasmus Studies. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2020. xvi, 331 pp. $94.00, paper $47.95. [Translation of selections from Erasmus's voluminous writings on the New Testament.]Gallucci, Giovanni Paolo. Gallucci's Commentary on Dürer's “Four Books on Human Proportion”: Renaissance Proportion Theory. Translated and edited by James Hutson. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2020. xiii, 208 pp., 18 figs. Gbp 37.95, paper Gbp 22.95. [The first English translation of Gallucci's Della simmetria dei corpi humani, an Italian translation of Dürer's treatise.]Gerhard Zerbolt, von Zutphen. Was dürfen Laien lesen? De libris teutonicalibus / Een verclaringhe vanden duytshcen boeken. Edited by Nikolaus Staubach and Rudolf Suntrup. Münster: Aschendorff Verlag, 2019. 214 pp., 1 fig. eur 48.00. [Latin text of a tract by the learned priest and librarian in the house of the Brothers of the Common Life in Deventer, which defended the right of laypeople to read the Bible in the vernacular, followed by a contemporary Dutch translation from the author's circle.]Gottfried, von Strassburg. “Tristan and Isolde” with Ulrich von Türheim's “Continuation.” Translated and edited by William T. Whobrey. Indianapolis, Ind.: Hackett, 2020. xxxiii, 321 pp. $49.00, paper $18.00. [English prose translation of Gottfried's Middle High German verse romance and Ulrich's Continuation.]Guillaume, de Machaut. The Complete Poetry and Music, Volume 2: The Boethian Poems; “Le Remede de Fortune,” “Le Confort d'Ami.” Edited and translated by R. Barton Palmer. Music edited by Uri Smilansky. Art historical commentary by Domenic Leo. TEAMS Middle English Texts Series. Kalamazoo, Mich.: Medieval Institute Publications for TEAMS in association with the University of Rochester, 2019. ix, 607 pp., 39 figs., 16 musical examples. Paper $39.95. [Old French verse texts with facing-page English verse translations, with accompanying music and art program of the base manuscript.]Hexter, Ralph, Laura Pfundter, and Justin Haynes, eds. and trans. Appendix Ovidiana: Latin Poems Ascribed to Ovid in the Middle Ages. Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library, vol. 62. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2020. xxxiv, 510 pp. $35.00. [The first comprehensive collection of Latin “medieval Ovid” verse texts with facing-page English prose translations.]John, of Garland. John of Garland's “De triumphis Ecclesie”: A New Critical Edition with Introduction and Translation. Edited and translated by Martin Hall. Studia Artistarum, vol. 44. Turnhout, Belg.: Brepols, 2019. 417 pp., 10 color illus. $111.00. [Latin verse text with facing-page English prose translation.]Jones, Catherine M., William W. Kibler, and Logan E. Whalen, trans. An Old French Trilogy: Texts from the William of Orange Cycle. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2020. ix, 214 pp., 1 map, 1 genealogy. $85.00. [Modern English verse translations of The Coronation of Louis, The Convoy to Nîmes, and The Conquest of Orange.]Kaufman, Alexander L., ed. The Jack Cade Rebellion of 1450: A Sourcebook. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 2020. xii, 257 pp. $95.00. [Thirty-two medieval and early modern primary source documents on the Jack Cade rebellion.]Kramer, Johanna, Hugh Magennis, and Robin Norris, eds. and trans. Anonymous Old English Lives of Saints. Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library, vol. 63. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2020. xxxix, 764 pp. $35.00. [Twenty-two unattributed Anglo-Saxon prose texts of the eleventh and twelfth centuries with facing-page English translations.]Laurence, of Březová. Origins of the Hussite Uprising: The Chronicle of Laurence of Březová (1414–1421). Translated and edited by Thomas A. Fudge. Routledge Medieval Translations. London: Routledge, 2020. xiv, 284 pp., 4 figs., 3 maps. $160.00. [First English-language translation of the most important source on the early Hussite movement, De gestis et variis accidentibus regni Bohemiae.]Luft, Diana, ed. and trans. Medieval Welsh Medical Texts, Volume 1: The Recipes. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2020. xii, 611 pp. Paper $60.00. [First critical edition of the corpus of late medieval Welsh medical recipes traditionally ascribed to the Physicians of Myddfai. Welsh texts with facing-page English translations.]Lydgate, John. John Lydgate's “Dance of Death” and Related Works. Edited by Megan L. Cook and Elzaveta Strakhov. TEAMS Middle English Texts Series. Kalamazoo, Mich.: Medieval Institute Publications for TEAMS in association with the University of Rochester, 2019. vii, 195 pp. Paper $19.95. [Includes both versions of Lydgate's Dance of Death, his French source, the Danse macabre (with English translation), and related Middle English verse.]Melick, Elizabeth, Susanna Fein, and David Raybin, eds. The Roland and Otuel Romances and the Anglo-French “Otinel.” TEAMS Middle English Texts Series. Kalamazoo, Mich.: Medieval Institute Publications for the Rossell Hope Robbins Research Library, in collaboration with the University of Rochester Department of English and the Teaching Association for Medieval Studies, 2019. viii, 377 pp. Paper $24.95.Metochites, Theodoros. On Morals or Concerning Education [Ēthikos ē Peri paideias]. Translated and edited by Sophia Xenophontos. Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library, vol. 61. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2020. xxvi, 285 pp. $35.00. [Byzantine Greek text with facing-page English translation.]Meyer, Johannes. Women's History in the Age of Reformation: Johannes Meyer's “Chronicle of the Dominican Observance” [Buch der Reformacio Predigerordens]. Translated and edited by Claire Taylor Jones. Saint Michael's College Mediaeval Translations. Medieval Sources in Translation, vol. 58. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2019. vi, 306 pp., 2 maps. Paper $35.00.Miles, Joanna, ed. The Devil's Mortal Weapons: An Anthology of Late Medieval and Protestant Vernacular Theology and Popular Culture. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2018. xvi, 400 pp. Paperback $35.00. [Original transcriptions of source selections organized around the topics of soul, emotion, spiritual health, body, mind, and physical health.]Moreau-Guibert, Kerine, ed. Pore Caitif: A Middle English Manual of Religion and Devotion. Textes Vernaculaires du Moyen Age, vol. 24. Turnhout, Belg.: Brepols, 2019. 293 pp. Paper $111.00.Peter, the Venerable. Les écrits anti-sarrasins de Pierre le Vénérable: Cultures de combat et combat de cultures; “Summa totius haeresis Sarracenorum,” “Epistola de translatione sua,” “Contra sectam sive haeresim Sarracenorum.” Edited and translated by Alain Galonnier. Preface by Dominique Iogna-Prat. Philosophes Médiévaux, vol. 67. Leuven, Belg.: Peeters for Éditions de l'Institut Supérieur de Philosophie, Louvain-la-Neuve, 2020. vii, 386 pp. Paperback $128.00. [Latin texts followed by French translations.]Robins, William, ed. Historia Apollonii regis Tyri: A Fourteenth-Century Version of a Late Antique Romance. Toronto Medieval Latin Texts, vol. 36. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies for the Centre for Medieval Studies, University of Toronto, 2019. xi, 123 pp. Paperback $17.95. [Edited from Vatican City, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, MS Vaticanus latinus 1961.]Rypon, Robert. Selected Sermons, Volume 1: Feast Days and Saints’ Days. Edited and translated by Holly Johnson. Dallas Medieval Texts and Translations, vol. 24.1. Leuven, Belg.: Peeters, 2019. 375 pp. Paper $84.00. [Latin texts with facing-page English translations.]Schieberle, Misty, ed. Christine de Pizan's Advice for Princes in Middle English Translation: Stephen Scrope's “The Epistle of Othea” and the Anonymous “Litel Bibell of Knyghthod.” TEAMS Middle English Texts Series. Kalamazoo, Mich.: Medieval Institute Publications for the Rossell Hope Robbins Research Library, in collaboration with the University of Rochester Department of English and the Teaching Association for Medieval Studies, 2020. viii, 491 pp. $99.00, paper $39.95.Short, Ian, trans. and ed. Three Anglo-Norman Kings: “The Lives of William the Conqueror and Sons” by Benoît de Sainte-Maure [Histoire des ducs de Normandie]. Mediaeval Sources in Translation, vol. 57. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2018. viii, 228 pp. Paperback $25.00. [Prose translation of the last quarter of Benoît's epic verse chronicle.]Solopova, Elizabeth, Jeremy Catto, and Anne Hudson, eds. From the Vulgate to the Vernacular: Four Debates on an English Question c. 1400. British Writers of the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period, vol. 7. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies; Oxford: Bodleian Library, 2020. cxliv, 216 pp., 8 plates. $150.00. [Four texts on the legitimacy, for and against, of using the vernacular language for scriptural citation, including Latin works by the Franciscan William Butler, the Dominican Thomas Palmer, and the secular priest Richard Ullerston (edited for the first time), and an English Wycliffite adaptation of Ullerston's Latin. The Latin texts include facing-page English translations.]Bourne, Claire M. L. Typographies of Performance in Early Modern England. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020. xviii, 328 pp., 73 illus. $90.00. [Considers how the theatricality of early modern English drama is conveyed creatively through printed playbook typography and page design.]Bousmanne, Bernard, and Elena Savini, eds. The Library of the Dukes of Burgundy. London: Harvey Miller Publishers, 2020. 205 pp., 165 color plates. eur 75.00. [Anthology of articles with a catalogue of the library's collection of 280 surviving manuscripts housed in the Royal Library of Belgium.]Calhoun, Joshua. The Nature of the Page: Poetry, Papermaking, and the Ecology of Texts in Renaissance England. Material Texts. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2020. xii, 212 pp., 30 illus. $55.00.Chenoweth, Katie. The Prosthetic Tongue: Printing Technology and the Rise of the French Language. Material Texts. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019. 350 pp. $69.95.Connolly, Margaret, and Raluca Radulescu, eds. Editing and Interpretation of Middle English Texts: Essays in Honour of William Marx. Texts and Transitions, vol. 12. Turnhout, Belg.: Brepols, 2018. xix, 351 pp., 30 black-and-white and 2 color illus., 6 tables. eur 95.00. [Essays treating various types of manuscript evidence in relation to editing as an act of textual interpretation.]Fox, Adam. The Press and the People: Cheap Print and Society in Scotland, 1500–1785. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020. ix, 449 pp., 60 illus. $100.00.Hirschler, Konrad. A Monument to Medieval Syrian Book Culture: The Library of Ibn ’Abd Al-Hādī. Edinburgh Studies in Classical Islamic History and Culture. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press, 2020. x, 612 pp., 20 black-and-white and 79 color illus. Gbp 85.00. [On the largest private book collection from the pre-Ottoman Arabic Middle East for which the corpus of manuscripts and a documentary paper trail survives.]Kwakkel, Erik, ed. Vernacular Manuscript Culture, 1000–1500. Studies in Medieval and Renaissance Book Culture. Leiden: Leiden University Press, 2018. 278 pp., 23 figs., 22 plates. eur 40.50.Rouse, Richard H., and Mary A. Rouse. Renaissance Illuminators in Paris: Artists and Artisans, 1500–1715. London: Harvey Miller Publishers, 2019. 280 pp., 56 color and black-and-white plates. eur 125.00. [Study of the commercial manuscript book trade in Paris, including a biographical register of more than five hundred named illuminators.]Rudy, Kathryn M. Image, Knife, and Gluepot: Early Assemblage in Manuscript and Print. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2019. xvi, 356 pp., 137 color illus. Gbp 59.95, paper Gbp 22.95.Sawyer, Daniel. Reading English Verse in Manuscript, c. 1350–c. 1500. Oxford English Monographs. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020. xiii, 208 pp., 9 figs. $80.00. [Investigates how the reading of poetry happened in the material context of and Text A History. Text University Press, 2020. xii, pp., black-and-white and color plates. Paper and Jeremy Catto, eds. Books and in Early Modern Essays to James in Mediaeval Studies, vol. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2018. 449 pp., 10 figs. Les des de vol. et de de 2 vols. Turnhout, Belg.: Brepols, 2019. pp., 1 color plate. eur survey of of books and by that are in the or in for from to and Theology of the Old Toronto Old and Series. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, xix, pp., 2 6 illus. “The of The of Saints’ on the of the Studies in the History of Medieval vol. Press, 2018. pp., illus. in Late Medieval New Books, 2020. pp., illus. and eds. and in the Late Middle Ages. 2019. pp., 30 color illus. eur in Medieval and Early Modern From to Oxford Studies in Medieval and Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020. xv, pp., 9 illus. and David eds. A History of an Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2019. pp. and eds. Late Medieval in England. Medieval Studies, vol. Turnhout, Belg.: Brepols, 2020. xii, pp., 3 color illus. eur Middle English in Late Medieval England. Religion and in the Middle Ages. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2019. xvi, pp., 2 tables. Gbp Mary The and in Medieval University Press, 2019. viii, pp., 9 illus. [On the of and in the of and and eds. des vol. Münster: Aschendorff Verlag, 2019. vi, pp. eur and eds. Cultures of in Early Modern Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019. vii, pp., color plates. The and in England. University Press, 2019. xviii, pp., illus. [On how of the of of of Poems in of the University of Press, 2020. xi, pp., color 1 The of the in Early Modern Toronto vol. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2019. xii, pp., illus. and Religion in Late Medieval Royal Society Studies in New Series. Press for the Royal Society, xiii, pp., 1 map, 20 illus. Paper and and in the Late Medieval Studies in the and Its Medieval Studies, vol. Turnhout, Belg.: Brepols, 2020. x, pp., 9 figs., 6 color tables. eur James M., and eds. Sources of the Christian A History of Christian Mich.: 2018. pp. and eds. and in Late Medieval and Early Modern and in the Middle vol. 1. Turnhout, Belg.: Brepols, 2020. 306 pp., color illus., 6 tables. eur Reformation of New University Press, 2019. pp. paper der vols. Münster: Aschendorff Verlag, 2019. pp. Paper eur Early Modern and in the English Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2020. 236 pp. or Latin to the in the Studies and Texts, vol. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2019. xv, pp. The of The History and of the Translated from the Italian by M. and R. A. University Press, 2019. pp., 10 illus. D. L. The Protestant Reformation and the Dutch in the Leiden: Leiden University Press, in association with the New 2019. viii, pp. eur The Age of An and History of Late Medieval and Reformation by and New University Press, 2020. pp., illus. Thomas W. and in the Medieval c. 1500. vol. 24. Turnhout, Belg.: Brepols, 2020. pp., 10 illus., 2 tables. eur The of the Medieval Middle Society, and University Press, 2018. xiv, pp., 2 maps. $39.95. [On the of Christian of and and the of and eds. and in Early Modern London: Routledge, 2019. ix, pp., figs. paper Protestant in Routledge Research in Early Modern History. New Routledge, 2020. ix, pp., 1 John Robert. and the of the Renaissance London: Books, 2020. pp., color and 39 black-and-white illus. Gbp [On the of by the around in the of and of Rudolf in The Medieval of and the Rise of the University Press, 2019. xv, pp., 6 illus. to and in Medieval The Middle Ages Series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019. x, pp., 20 illus. and the Early Modern English by A. Chapman. London: Routledge, 322 pp., color 73 black-and-white figs., 2 Medical Texts in Anglo-Saxon Culture. Anglo-Saxon Studies. D. 2020. pp. ed. and at the of New of 2019. pp., color plates. of an at the of Art in in the Texts, and at vol. Turnhout, Belg.: Brepols, 2020. pp., color 6 tables. Paper eur 85.00. [Study of as in the evidence of the of in and in Early Modern University of Press, 2020. xi, 356 pp., figs. and in the of Late Medieval England. Studies in and Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019. viii, pp., 4 figs. M. The of and the des University of Press, 2020. xv, pp. T. and the of in Late Renaissance Studies in Italian Renaissance History. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2019. xi, pp., 9 figs. John and eds. and in From the Medieval to the New to Religion and Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2019. xiv, pp., 6 figs. Paper $60.00. [On the of by for physical and spiritual A. and in the Middle the and University Press, 2020. 236 pp. eur [On the textual of for and the of as and Nature in the Royal Society of University of Press, 2020. pp., illus. 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Reading the in the Middle Ages and the of the and Studies in the Middle Ages and the vol. Turnhout, Belg.: Brepols, 2020. pp., black-and-white and 9 color illus. eur The of Anglo-Saxon c. Oxford: Books, 2020. vi, pp., figs., and color Paper and eds. the in c. Oxford: Press, 2019. xii, 236 pp., figs., color plates. Paper Gbp and Early Medieval of in Late and the Early Middle Ages. University Press, 2019. xi, pp., black-and-white and color illus. Paper E. the and to Series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2020. vii, pp., illus. [On early modern in and the relation that this have for and the of Nature in Renaissance Series, vol. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2019. pp., color plates. Paper A History of in Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2018. x, pp., color plates. and eds. Medieval and Early Modern A to Robin Medieval and Renaissance and Press, 2019. 311 pp., 30 color and black-and-white illus. Elizabeth, and eds. and in Early Modern Publications of the German Studies vol. New Books, 2019. x, pp., figs., 6 tables. in the Middle Ages. 2018. pp., color plates. Paper A History. London: Books, 2018. pp., color and black-and-white illus. for and in the Early Modern English Material Texts. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019. xii, pp., figs. Paper The for the in the Oxford: Bodleian Library, 2020. pp., color illus.

Reviewed by: The Jews of Europe in the Middle Ages (Tenth to Fifteenth Centuries): Proceedings of the International Symposium held at Speyer, 20-25 October 2002 Jennifer Shea Cluse, Christoph, ed., Jews of Europe in the Middle Ages (Tenth to Fifteenth Centuries): Proceedings of the International Symposium held at Speyer, 20-25 October 2002 (Cultural Encounters in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, 4), Turnhout, Brepols, 2004; cloth; pp. xvii, 512; 24 maps, 53 b/w illustrations; RRP €60.00; ISBN 2503516971. All too often, academic studies of Jewish life, culture and thought in the Middle Ages are branded as specialist works of interest to only a small minority of working medievalists, pigeonholed by publishers in 'Jewish studies'. This volume, however, is an important contribution not only to specialists in medieval Jewish thought and culture, but also to medieval generalists working in a range of sub-specialties. It demonstrates conclusively the importance of considering Jewish contributions to life in medieval Western Europe not in isolation, but always in relation to the wider society. The volume presents the edited (and, in some cases, translated) proceedings of the 2002 conference on 'Culture, Mobility, Migration and Settlement of Jews in Medieval Europe' funded by the 'Culture 2000' programme of the European Commission. This major conference was the culmination of a project led by Professor Alfred Haverkamp of the University of Trier. Among the project's stated aims were: to consolidate numerous divergent studies that fell under its umbrella, and to provide an overview of the current state of research a number of fields that come to bear upon the study of Jewish thought and culture in Medieval Europe. In addition to this, the project's directors wished to give a public voice to the work of talented younger scholars in the field. The essay collection therefore showcases the diversity of recent work by up-and-coming scholars of Jewish culture in medieval Western Europe, as well as presenting valuable essays by more established scholars. The volume is organized in five parts: The first section, 'Dimensions of the Subject', contains five keynote essays by some of the preeminent scholars in the field of medieval Jewish history and Jewish/non-Jewish relations in the period: [End Page 178] David Abulafia and Anna Sapir Abulafia of the University of Cambridge, Alfred Haverkamp of Trier, Peter Schäfer of Berlin and Princeton, and Yacov Guggenheim of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Together with Haverkamp's general essay introducing the volume, these keynote essays would be an excellent starting point for students or researchers entering the field. The essays in the second section, 'Around the Mediterranean', provide current thought on the status of Jews in various regions in the Middle Ages: Aragon, Castile, Navarre, Provence, Sicily, and northern and central Italy. Relations between Jews and local rulers receive particular attention, and there is also an excellent overview essay on 'Maimonides and Mediterranean Culture' by Sarah Stroumsa of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The third section, 'The Northern Jewries, France, England, and Ashkenaz', includes recent work on the organization of Jewish communities in northern France, England, and the Rhineland, and the integration or exclusion of these communities from the surrounding regions. There is also an excellent piece by Nora Berend of the University of Cambridge on the status of Jewish communities in medieval Hungary. In section four, 'Aspects of Jewish Social, Economic, and Intellectual History', the involvement of medieval European Jewish communities in a number of disparate fields is explored. There are essays on 'Halakhah', Taboo and the origin of Jewish Moneylending in Germany' (Haym Soloveitchik), 'Jews in Medieval European Medicine' (Kay Peter Jankrift) and a strong essay on the 'Public Roles of Jewish Women in Fourteenth and Fifteenth Century Ashkenaz' by Martha Keil. There are also pieces on the 'Iconography of Medieval Diaspora Synagogues' (Vivian B. Mann) and early Yiddish language studies (Erika Timm). Finally, the essays in section five, 'Individual Jewries Through Archival and Archaeological Studies', look at Jewish communities in medieval Europe in locations including Cologne, Würzburg, Regensburg, Oxford, Speyer, and Worms. This section will be of particular interest to those working in not only Jewish history, but local history studies and historical cartography. The...

The scope and emphasis of a public health program are necessarily influenced by the changing characteristics of the population it serves. The rate of population growth affects long-range planning of community health and medical facilities. Alterations in age composition, internal migration of racial or industrial groups, changes in population density and urban-rural movement require current adaptation of the health program to solve the new problems thus created. Among the various characteristics of recent population trends, aging of the population is one of the most fundamental in its bearing on national health. The social and economic effects of an aging population have long been recognized. Dr. Louis I. Dublin appraised the problem of old age in some detail in 1926, when the provision of economic security for the aged was the dominant theme of contemporary discussion.1 The passage of the Social Security Act in 1935 represented the fruits of the efforts of this early period. Adjustment of national policy with respect to the health problems associated with aging of the population has been slower in development. Under the terms of the Social Security Act, a limited expansion of activities designed to promote the health of older adults—control of cancer and pneumonia, and industrial hygiene services—has been made possible in the cooperating States. However, the Act makes no provision for the solution of such fundamental problems as invalidity insurance and medical care of the aged. During the past five years, the health aspects of old age have received increasing attention in the discussions of public health administrators. It therefore seems appropriate to resurvey this general problem, and to consider, in particular, the nature of future trends in mortality, morbidity, and the receipt of medical care which may be expected solely as a result of changing age structure of the population.

Prevalence of Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and HIV Infections Among Patients in a Psychiatric Hospital in Greece

The study of the history of medicine has developed two approaches: traditional and new, which is more comprehensive. The traditional approach implies the study of important individuals and ideas, the advancement of medicine as a science. This approach is widely accepted in both our and world science. The second, which is much more comprehensive, was initiated by Henry Sigerst with his works, and expanded and came to life in the 1960s and 1970s. The authors of the paper approach the study and presentation of Serbian medieval medicine with the cause-and-effect relationship of health and disease and other medical-historical phenomena and analyze them in a social, cultural and political context. From this point of view, the authors connect the mentioned contests with modern medical problems and approaches. The aim of this paper is to investigate and present the development of Serbian medicine in the Middle Ages, the conditions under which it was formed and developed, as well as the influence of the Serbian state and church on it. The first hospitals were established under the protection of Christian monasteries in the East, but also in the West. In addition to the first hospitals, the ideas of social medicine were born in the Middle Ages, under the influence of Christian thought. All this is a significant contribution to European medicine, the basis without which further development of medical science in the Renaissance would not be possible. The first real hospitals as treatment institutions in medieval Serbia were established in the period from the 13th to the 17th century. The collected historical material indicates the fact that there were nineteen of them. Hospitals were built and arranged on the model of already existing hospitals built on the soil of Byzantium. The monastery hospitals have a significant historical role, because they introduced Serbian medicine into the family of the then European medicine. It should be especially emphasized that Serbia was at the forefront of medicine at that time, because it had special (separate) departments for the treatment of patients with epilepsy and mental illness. A special place is occupied by the monastery hospital Hilandar on the Holy Mountain and the monastery hospital in Studenica. Along with the establishment of hospitals, they are also working on medical education, in the beginning more according to the mentoring principle, so that from the period of King Milutin's rule, the first medical school was established. In the organizational sense, the Serbian monastery hospitals laid the foundations of today's hospital organization, starting from the place for construction, equipment and working conditions, through the election of directors, doctors, medical and non-medical staff, to ethical norms.

The iconography created during the 800-year-long Serbian history depicts the times filled with important historical and cultural events. The frescoes reflect the development of diverse trends in our educational system. The walls of various monasteries depict the lives of the saints and the real events occurring during their life time. Everyday objects used in the medieval Serbia, such as furniture, writing materials, medical instruments, decorations, the attire of the kings, patrons, monks, etc., illustrate the culture of the day. The aim of the paper is to explore the originality, pedagogical propedeutics, and the beginnings of Serbian education, which was manifested, didactically speaking, in the apparent teaching - this fact is evident in the frescoes and icons of the monasteries and temples. The frescoes, icons and biblical scenes are works of art, but their function is primarily sacral, as well as instructive. The image of a saint on the wall precisely reflected the environment of the saint's life and the message (motto) of his life. The messages conveyed in the frescoes primarily point to the works and wonders of Christ, emphasise the importance of mercy to the other, good deeds that had to be practiced, and piety (piety in a sense of living according to God's rules). The method used in the paper is the biblical-iconographic approach, and the author also relied on the instructive elements represented in the lives of the saints and demonstrated in the personalities of the saints interpreted in an interdisciplinary way: from the artistic, technical-decorative, ecclesiastical-aesthetical, and historical perspectives.

390Comparative Drama volatile issues, which he explored fairly and thoroughly but without necessarily attempting to mediate between contending factions. Patterson, who champions the principles of authorship and individual agency against Foucault and Lacan, might well find a too artistically detached Shakespeare to be nothing more than a mere entertainer or a passive register of competing discourses. If these two books do not fully define Shakespeare's political and social stance, they place the problem back on the agenda and demand that any such definition should address Shakespeare's abiding skepticism of political authority and his sympathetic deployment of the popular voice. Writing in vigorous and jargon-free prose, Cox and Patterson have made it harder to see Shakespeare as an apologist for established authority, its unwitting pawn, or a naive reflector of contemporary controversy. Instead, they have proposed a Shakespeare who, in different ways, was a politically engaged if nonaligned participant in debates over questions of social justice. MICHAEL SHAPIRO University of Illinois E. Catherine Dunn. The Gallican Saint's Life and the Late Roman Dramatic Tradition. Washington, D. C: The Catholic University of America Press, 1989. Pp. ? + 164. $29.95. For more than half a century, critics and historians of drama have largely accepted the theory of origins propounded in Karl Young's The Drama of the Medieval Church (1933). Young held that medieval drama appeared independently from other literary sources, in the musical tropes of monastic liturgical offices, notably those for Easter. The late O. B. Hardison, Jr., challenged Young's theory to some extent in his Christian Rite and Christian Drama in the Middle Ages (1965), disputing the chronology and liturgical placement of the tropes and drawing attention to the allegorical descriptions of the Mass as sacred drama by Amalarius of Metz and Honorius of Autun. In a series of articles from the same period E. Catherine Dunn formulated a different sort of challenge to Young's theory, and her work culminates now in The Gallican Saint's Life and the Late Roman Dramatic Tradition. Dunn essentially argues that mimed and recitative performance, translated from classical pagan sources and secular texts to Christian devotional practices, preserved the continuity of dramatic tradition from the late Empire through the High Middle Ages. The Gallican liturgy of the sixth through the eighth centuries, she holds, was a key element of this continuity. For her the public recitation of saints' lives at major feasts in the Gallican liturgy represents a form of drama that incorporated mimed performance. Thus, she concludes it is a mistake to regard the tropes as an exclusive point of origin for the medieval drama. Dunn makes her case from two sources of evidence. She works from the same historical record available to Young and other scholars but rejected by them as evidence of an early medieval dramatic tradition growing out of late classical forms. Dunn rightly describes her book as Reviews391 "a reinterpretation of records and documents from late antiquity and the early Middle Ages, and a study of Gallican liturgical texts in a new light" (p. 2). Her second source is a running review of scholarship, shaped in many respects by her sense of the historical questions ignored or discounted by the dominant critical tradition. Dunn analyzes the work of Young and his successors on Latin drama for its suppositions about what counts as drama. She surveys the histories of Byzantine theater and the specialist literature of medieval liturgical practices for indications of performance. Her own method for dealing with the primary texts and the scholarship she characterizes as "partly deductive" (p. 2), but it is perhaps more accurate to regard it as broadly inferential, for she sets up a chain of influence and analogy connecting a fairly broad range of ludic performance. The first two chapters of the book reconstruct the liturgical context of Gallican worship from surviving materials and significant parallels in Hispanic (Mozarabic) liturgy. Gallican liturgy was abolished by the Council of Aix-la-Chapelle in 789, which heeded Charlemagne's injunction "Return to the fountain of Saint Gregory" and reinstituted the Roman rite. Jean Mabillon's De Liturgia Gallicana Libri Tres (1685), which revived study of this suppressed liturgy, remains an important...

Internationalization of psychiatric research - the prospective for the European Association of Psychiatrists.

REVIEWS95 text that, he argues, deserves more critical attention despite the author's real deficiencies in writing style and prosody. If, judging a book by its cover, readers expect a collection ofstudies about identity in a wide-range of medieval romances, they will surely be disappointed. However, they will find a number ofsolid investigations that contribute to the field ofMiddle English studies as well as several comparative readings of a variety of interesting works. The collection is most useful to generalists in any field ofmedieval literature— particularly those familiar with the continental tradition in Old French. LYNNE DAHMEN Al Akhawayn University , Ifrane, Morocco Jacqueline jenkins and Katherine j. lewis, eds., St. Katherine of Alexandria, Texts and Contexts in Western MedievalEurope. Medieval Women: Texts and Contexts, 8. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2003. Pp. xiv, 257. isbn:2—503—51290-9. EUR 67.50. In their introduction to this collection often essays, JacquelineJenkins and Katherine Lewis note that 'a great part of the intrinsic power and popularity ofSt. Katherine in Medieval Europe was her ability to resist easy categorization, and to be many things to many people' (p. 18). In like fashion, the main success ofthe collection is its presentation ofwhat Jenkins and Lewis call 'interdisciplinary and multinational criticism' on St. Katherine's cult both within and beyond the Middle Ages (p. 4). The essays included address many different objects ofstudy (Books ofHours, 'replica shrines' of Mount Sinai, breviary lessons, literary versions of Katherine's life in various languages) while using a wide range of theoretical approaches. The essays are strongest when they are not overly anxious about why Katherine's cult was popular across historical and cultural divides (a question most often answered by the authors with a resigned, 'We don't know.'), but instead demonstrate how the cult enacted its multifaceted nature by interacting (often in quite complex ways) with other cultural constructs (chivalry, aristocracy, lay devotion, or gender categories, for example). Early in the introduction, Jenkins and Lewis present what will become one ofthe main concerns for many ofthe authors: the different audiences for whom Katherine became an object of devotion and study. All but two of the essays focus on lay devotion to the saint. The essays by Christine Walsh and Tracey R. Sands concern themselves with how Katherine's legend might have been read by devotees interested in establishing and/or strengthening their own connections to nobility. Walsh examines devotion to Katherine in eleventh- and twelfth-century Normandy, arguing that it was related to the 'economic and political' interests of those involved. Sands examines naming traditions and sigillographie evidence to argue for a particular popularity for Katherine among medieval Sweden's aristocracy. Many more ofthe essays argue that lay devotion to Katherine might have extended beyond a noble audience. Lewis's fascinating essay argues that laywomen who would not have been able to afford an actual pilgrimage to Mount Sinai (the site of 96ARTHURIANA Katherine's shrine) would have been able to take 'imitative journeys' to that place by visiting those shrines in medieval England built to duplicate the saint's resting place (p. 51). Jane Carrwright attends to the various 'lacks' in the Welsh version of the saint's life {Buchedd Catrín) that distinguish it from other versions in England or the continent (the Welsh version is not concerned with Catrin's nobility or her education) in order to indicate the appeal the legend might have had for a broader audience. Jenkins reads a late medieval prose life of Katherine and places it within the context of'laywomen's reading, devotional practices, and manuscript production' through an examination of Harley MS 4012 which includes an introductory Prohemium indicating 'the legend's intended use as a private devotional and meditative text' (p. 154). Two essays are primarily concerned with how the legend was consumed and altered by clerical audiences. Sherry L. Reames reads breviary lessons on St. Katherine and detects 'a certain degree ofclerical ambivalence' about Katherine's rhetorical skills, her sexuality, and her mystical marriage with Christ (p. 208). Alison Frazier's essay on the Italian humanist Antonio degli Agli's unsuccessful efforts to integrate hagiography and historiography in his De vitis etgestissanctorum similarly notes...

The Right to Choose

Psychiatric hospital 'Kovin' Kovin was founded in 1924 and present one of the oldest established institution among hospitals and asylums, as they were called and considered in the past. Actually, in Republic Serbia, we have five special psychiatric hospitals, and after Clinic for Psychiatric 'Dr Laza Lazarevic' and Special Hospital 'Gornja Toponica' near Nis, Special Hospital for Psychiatric Disorder 'Kovin' started to work, as third founded. It is obvious that there was a need of inpatient facilities for accommodation, treatment and custody of mentally ill in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Actuality of necessary changes in the management and treatment of psychiatric patients and their overall trend of destigmatization is reflected in the reduction capacity of psychiatric institutions through the process of deinstitutionalization. The ultimate aim of this trend is final abolition of large capacity of psychiatric hospitals. Under this circumstances, the 90 years existence of Kovin hospital contributes to better understanding of one important historical process of theory and practice in the psychiatry environment. Special Hospital for Psychiatric Disorder 'Kovin' in Kovin, last 90 years of its existence presents part of Country healthcare system and substantially participates in the management of the most difficult psychiatric patients in Serbia. Decrepitude institutions partially reduces the human effort to approach and use of the most modern approaches to the treatment of persons with mental disabilities successfully heal and return to the community. Through continuing education institution and professional staff continues to follow the latest trends and developments in psychiatry. First of all it is full implementation The Law on the Protection of Persons with Mental Illness, inclusion and cooperation with all relevant participants in the process of deinstitutionalization.