Abstract

A variety of Pb-free solder alloys have been proposed for use as interconnects for electronic packaging including Sn−Ag, Sn−Cu, Sn−Ag−Cu, Sn−Ag−Bi, and Sn−Sb, among others. This paper presents a review of the behavior of promising Pb-free solder alloys as related to their microstructure. Recommendations of optimal alloy composition as a function of performance requirements are given. For surface mount applications, eutectic Sn−Ag−Cu is recommended as the optimal alloy. For flip chip interconnects, the eutectic Sn-Cu alloy has the best performance. The materials and process trends of Pb-free packaging are summarized with optimal conditions identified.

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