Abstract
Retinal Vein Occlusion (RVO) is a common retinal vascular disease secondary to diabetic retinopathy resulting in permanent loss of vision despite available treatment options. Main vision impending complication of retinal vein occlusion is macular edema. Laser photocoagulation has been an established method for treating macular edema for many years but nowadays intravitreal injection of Anti-Vascular endothelial growth factors (Ranibizumab, Aflibercept Bevacizumab and Pegaptanib sodium) is the treatment of choice for macular edema from retinal vein occlusion. Intra-vitreal corticosteroids Triamcinolone Acetonide and Dexamethasone implant, are also being used to treat in some macular edema cases but with higher rates of side effects. Numerous surgical methods have been attempted for treating RVO and preventing macular edema; they include pars plana vitrectomy, radial optic neurotomy, laser induced chorioretinal anastomosis, and arteriovenous sheathotomy. Surgical methods supposedly relieve compression of the central retinal vein, altering the pathophysiology of vein occlusion at the level of the lamina cribrosa thus improving blood flow and oxygenation. But limitations result from its complications.
Highlights
Retinal Vein Occlusion (RVO) is the cause of the second most common retinal vascular disease after diabetic retinopathy resulting in potential irreversible loss of vision
Retinal Vein Occlusion (RVO) is a common retinal vascular disease secondary to diabetic retinopathy resulting in permanent loss of vision despite available treatment options
Laser photocoagulation has been an established method for treating macular edema for many years but nowadays intravitreal injection of Anti-Vascular endothelial growth factors (Ranibizumab, Aflibercept Bevacizumab and Pegaptanib sodium) is the treatment of choice for macular edema from retinal vein occlusion
Summary
Retinal Vein Occlusion (RVO) is the cause of the second most common retinal vascular disease after diabetic retinopathy resulting in potential irreversible loss of vision. Types of RVO are: branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) and central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO). According to a pooled analysis of population-based data, RVO prevalence in the USA, Europe, Asia, and Australia containing 68,751 individuals from 31 to 101 years of age was 5.20 per 1000 for any RVO, 4.42 per 1000 for BRVO, and 0.80 per 1000 for CRVO. Ophthalmic risk factors include glaucoma, ocular hypertension, decreased ocular perfusion pressure, with acquired and congenital retinal arteries changes. Management of RVO includes managing ME, treating associated risk factors and preventing neovascular complications. Main complication of retinal vein occlusion is vision loss due to macular edema (Table 1)
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