Abstract
The release of winery wastewater (WW) into the environment, without proper treatment, can cause severe problems to freshwater quality and natural fauna and flora. Therefore, in this work a treatment process was studied, combining adsorption and thermocatalytic oxidation processes. In a more specific way, it optimized the combination of activated sodium bentonite (Na-Mt) and potassium persulfate (KPS)/sodium percarbonate (SPC) as oxidant agents. With the combination of best operational conditions of adsorption ([Na-Mt] = 5.0 g/L, pH = 3.0, V = 500 mL, agitation 350 rpm, T = 298 K, t = 24 h) and thermocatalytic oxidation processes (S2O82−/H2O2 ratio = 1:0.25, S2O82−/H2O2 dosage = 0.1:0.025 (g/g), pH = 7.0, T = 343 K, agitation 350 rpm, t = 2 h), a total organic carbon, chemical oxygen demand and total polyphenols removal of 76.7, 81.4 and >99% was achieved, respectively. Finally, it was evaluated the effect of the treatment processes in the germination index (GI) of different plant seeds. A GI > 80% was achieved, showing a low phytotoxicity effect of the processes applied in the winery wastewater treatment.
Highlights
Portugal is a Mediterranean wine producer, with an approximated vineyard area of194,000 ha and a wine production of 6.4 MhL in 2020
The ability of activated sodium Bentonite (Na-Mt) to adsorb and remove the organic content from the WW was accessed at different pH conditions (2.0–11.0), under the following operational conditions: [Na-Mt] = 3.0 g/L, V = 500 mL, agitation 350 rpm, T = 298 K, t = 24 h
Two processes were applied for the treatment of WW: adsorption and thermocatalytic oxidation processes
Summary
Portugal is a Mediterranean wine producer, with an approximated vineyard area of. 194,000 ha and a wine production of 6.4 MhL in 2020. It is considered the 11th largest producer and exporter of wine worldwide [1]. Wineries generate a significant load of residues. It is estimated that for each liter of wine produced, between 1.3 and 1.5 kg of wastes are produced. Up to 75% are WW [2,3] Most of these wastewaters result from a various number of activities which includes cleaning of tanks, washing of floors and equipment, rinsing of transfer lines, bottling facilities and filtration units [4,5]
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