Abstract
Textile manufacturing is a multi-stage operation process that produces significant amounts of highly toxic wastewater. Given the size of the global textile market and its environmental impact, the development of effective, economical, and easy-to handle alternative treatment technologies for textile wastewater is of significant interest. Based on the analysis of peer-reviewed publications over the last two decades, this paper provides a comprehensive review of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) on textile wastewater treatment, including their performances, mechanisms, advantages, disadvantages, influencing factors, and electrical energy per order (EEO) requirements. Fenton-based AOPs show the lowest median EEO value of 0.98 kWh m−3 order−1, followed by photochemical (3.20 kWh m−3 order−1), ozonation (3.34 kWh m−3 order−1), electrochemical (29.5 kWh m−3 order−1), photocatalysis (91 kWh m−3 order−1), and ultrasound (971.45 kWh m−3 order−1). The Fenton process can treat textile effluent at the lowest possible cost due to the minimal energy input and low reagent cost, while Ultrasound-based AOPs show the lowest electrical efficiency due to the high energy consumption. Further, to explore the applicability of these methods, available results from a full-scale implementation of the enhanced Fenton technology at a textile mill wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) are discussed. The WWTP operates at an estimated cost of CNY ¥1.62 m−3 (USD $0.23 m−3) with effluent meeting the China Grade I-A pollutant discharge standard for municipal WWTPs, indicating that the enhanced Fenton technology is efficient and cost-effective in industrial treatment for textile effluent.
Highlights
Textile manufacturing is an important pillar of many economies, in China, India, Vietnam, Bangladesh, and Pakistan [1,2,3]
Level I-A should be met when wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents are discharged into rivers or lakes that have limited dilution ability or are used as municipal landscape water or general reuse water
The results showed that the first byproduct after short-term ozonation possessed a high potential for toxicity as determined by a bioluminescence test (Vibrio fischeri) and a neutral red cytotoxicity assay test
Summary
Textile manufacturing is an important pillar of many economies, in China, India, Vietnam, Bangladesh, and Pakistan [1,2,3]. Coagulation/flocculation is an effective pretreatment method for removing disperse and sulfur dyes at a low initial cost It is inefficient against highly soluble, azo, reactive, acid, and basic dyes, and generates a significant amount of sludge as a result of coagulant consumption [13,18]. Biological treatment technology is cost-competitive and effective in removing direct, disperse, and basic dyes, with a particular emphasis on biochemical oxygen demand and suspended solids removal. It requires a long hydraulic retention time and correspondingly large space and it shows poor applicability at large-scale due to the presence of bio-persistent dyes and toxic substances [19,20,21].
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