Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a leading liver disease worldwide with a prevalence of approximately 25% among adult population. The highest prevalence is observed in Middle East and the lowest prevalence in Africa. NAFLD is a spectrum of liver disorders ranging from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Pro-inflammatory diet, overweight/obesity, inflammation, insulin resistance, prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, disrupted gut microbiome, and impaired intestinal barrier function are important risk factors associated with and/or contributing to NAFLD. Gut microbiome is a complex and diverse microbial ecosystem essential for the maintenance of human health. It is influenced by several factors including diet and medications. Gut microbiome can be disrupted in NAFLD. Intestinal epithelial barrier is the largest and most important barrier against the external environment and plays an important role in health and disease. Several factors including diet and gut microbiome impact intestinal barrier function. NAFLD can be associated with impaired intestinal barrier function (increased intestinal permeability). There are no specific drugs that directly treat NAFLD. The first-line therapy of NAFLD is currently lifestyle intervention. Weight loss is an important component in the treatment of NAFLD subjects who have excess body weight. Gut microbiome and intestinal epithelial barrier are becoming promising targets for the treatment of several diseases including NAFLD. In the absence of approved pharmacotherapy for the treatment of NAFLD/NASH, in addition to lifestyle intervention and weight loss (in case of excess body weight), focus should also be on correcting gut microbiome and intestinal permeability (directly and/or through gut microbiome modulation) using diet (e.g., low-fat diet, high-fiber diet, and Mediterranean diet), prebiotics (nondigestible food ingredients), probiotics (nonpathogenic living microorganisms), synbiotics (combination of prebiotics and probiotics), and fecal microbiota transplantation (transfer of healthy stool).
Highlights
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a leading liver disease worldwide with a prevalence of approximately 25% among adult population
3.1 Definition NAFLD is a liver disease characterized by hepatic steatosis (≥ 5% fat deposit) on either imaging or histology, with no excessive alcohol consumption (< 30 g/day for men and < 20 g/day for women), in the absence of other causes of steatosis
It is a spectrum of liver disorders ranging from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)
Summary
NAFLD is a leading liver disease worldwide with a prevalence of approximately 25% among adult population. It is the most common cause of chronic. NAFLD is a spectrum of liver disorders ranging from simple steatosis to NASH [1–9]. Pro-inflammatory diet, overweight/obesity, inflammation, insulin resistance, prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, disrupted gut microbiome, and impaired intestinal barrier function are important risk factors associated with and/or contributing to NAFLD [2, 4–27]. In the absence of approved drugs for the treatment of NAFLD/NASH, management relies mainly on lifestyle intervention and weight loss (in case of excess body weight) [1, 2, 8, 28–30]. Gut microbiome and intestinal epithelial barrier are becoming promising targets for the treatment of several diseases including NAFLD [4, 17, 18, 20–22, 24, 25, 31–43]
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