Abstract
This article profiles the travel behavior of sport fans against the transtheoretical model of change (TTM) and its application to sport events. Using the four constructs of the TTM, we distributed a self-reporting survey to sport fans prior to home fixtures. There is some synergy with the theorized stages of change and processes of change in this context. Notwithstanding, the results showed a high level of commitment to others in the early stages of change—a movement away from the prescribed theory. Results from decisional balance and self-efficacy items reaffirmed the congruence with theory and the application of the TTM to sport fans and their travel behavior. This study assessed the application of a stage-based model of change within a sport event context; it provides an exploration of the antecedents of behavior change indicators relevant to sport fans, thus enabling policy makers to make informed decisions about future travel behavior change.
Highlights
Atmospheric emissions arising from road traffic continue to increase and contribute to climate change (Borgstede et al, 2013, Gardner & Abraham, 2008; May, 2013). Ettema and Schwanen (2012) and Holden and Linnerud (2011) suggested that travel for social and leisure pastimes will increase across Europe
192 responses were received of which 83% stated that they travel to the stadium by car
29% traveled more than 16 miles to the stadium and 25.5% of the sample took 26 to 35 minutes to get to the stadium
Summary
Atmospheric emissions arising from road traffic continue to increase and contribute to climate change (Borgstede et al, 2013, Gardner & Abraham, 2008; May, 2013). Ettema and Schwanen (2012) and Holden and Linnerud (2011) suggested that travel for social and leisure pastimes will increase across Europe. Ettema and Schwanen (2012) and Holden and Linnerud (2011) suggested that travel for social and leisure pastimes will increase across Europe. These trends were supported by Valek et al (2014). 75.3 million adult Americans traveled for or because of sport and leisure. The largest share of carbon emissions attributable to a leisure event is typically from transportation (Bottrill et al, 2009; Harvey, 2009). Collins et al (2007) found that visitor travel was the largest environmental impact in Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, Vol 45, No 7, September 2021, 1237–1259 DOI: o1gdr/.oi/p:stht 0.1177/1096348020915255 The largest share of carbon emissions attributable to a leisure event is typically from transportation (Bottrill et al, 2009; Harvey, 2009). Collins et al (2007) found that visitor travel was the largest environmental impact in Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, Vol 45, No 7, September 2021, 1237–1259 DOI: o1gdr/.oi/p:stht 0.1177/1096348020915255
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