Abstract
Bladder stones are rare and most cases occur in adult men with bladder outlet obstruction. Currently, there are few data on the best treatment of this disease. The aim of this review is to discuss some aspects of pathogenesis and treatment approaches for bladder lithiasis. A comprehensive search of the database of the "National Library of Medicine" /pubmed was conducted with the following key words and descriptors: "bladder" or "vesical" associated with "calculus", "stone" or "lithiasis", and "cistolithotripsy ". One hundred and seventy-one articles were identified. The articles were independently assessed by two reviewers with expertise in urolithiasis. They were included in the study when the results, complications and follow-up were clearly reported. In the end, 32 studies met the inclusion criteria. Several options for the treatment of bladder lithiasis are available, but no randomized trials comparing them. Different rates of calculus-free patients are described in each of them, as follows: extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (75-100%), transurethral cistolithotripsy (63-100%), percutaneous cistolithotripsy (89-100%) and open surgery (100 %). The percutaneous approach has lower morbidity, with similar results to the transurethral treatment, while extracorporeal lithotripsy has the lowest rate of elimination of calculi and is reserved for patients at high surgical risk.
Highlights
Urinary lithiasis affects about 5% of the Western population 1
Bladder stones are rare in developed countries and in adults they are most commonly associated with bladder outlet obstruction, chronic infection or the presence of an intravesical foreign body 4
The aim of this study was to report some aspects of pathogenesis and mainly discuss the treatment of bladder lithiasis
Summary
Urinary lithiasis affects about 5% of the Western population 1. Bladder stones are rare in developed countries and in adults they are most commonly associated with bladder outlet obstruction, chronic infection or the presence of an intravesical foreign body 4. They can occur in childhood and are related to malnutrition, especially in a protein-poor diet 5. Symptoms such as suprapubic pain, dysuria, hematuria, weak and choppy urine stream, hesitancy, frequency, urgency and pain in the glans may occur in over 50% of patients 6,7
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