Trapping of oxygen vacancies in the twin walls of perovskite

Abstract

The binding and pairwise interaction of oxygen vacancies in the ferroelastic (100) twin walls of the orthorhombic phase of ${\text{CaTiO}}_{3}$ perovskite $(Pbnm)$ have been investigated by numerical simulations using empirical force fields. An oxygen vacancy finds it energetically favorable to reside inside a twin wall, particularly when bridging two titanium ions located in the twin-wall plane. In such case, the binding energy of the vacancy to the wall is $0.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1\text{ }\text{eV}$, the error bar reflecting variability within two different force fields. A different disposition of the vacancy in the wall sees its binding energy reduced by a factor of 2. This implies that depending on the relative time scales for twin-wall motion and for oxygen-vacancy diffusion, anelastic motion of twin walls can display two different energy dissipation mechanisms associated to these point defects. The strongest interactions among oxygen vacancies in a twin wall are due to short-range repulsion so that no defect clusters were found. The vacancy-wall binding energy is found to increase substantially with pressure.