Trapezius Perforator Flaps Based on Superficial Cervical Artery and Dorsal Scapular Artery: An Anatomical Study and a Systematic Review of Their Clinical Application.

Abstract

The flaps in the trapezius region are routinely elevated as musculocutaneous flaps. The anatomy of trapezius perforators and their clinical application are unclear. The number and distribution of superficial cervical artery perforators (SCAPs) and dorsal scapular artery perforators (DSAPs) were studied on 8 cadavers. The clinical usage of SCAP and DSAP flaps was investigated through a systematic literature review. A total of 27 SCAPs and 28 DSAPs were found in the 16 hemibacks. The mean calibers of SCAP and DSAP were 0.9 ± 0.2 and 0.8 ± 0.2 mm, respectively. The vascular length to the takeoff of the source artery was 7.3 ± 2.0 cm (range, 4.7-9.7 cm) for SCAPs and was 8.1 ± 2.8 cm (range, 3.2-13.6 cm) for DSAPs. Contour and density heat maps showed that the SCAPs were clustered within approximately 3 to 5 cm above the horizontal line through the medial point of the scapular spine (x-axis) and 5 to 8 cm from the midline (y-axis, P = 0.001) and clustered DSAPs located in approximately 4 to 9 cm below the x-axis and 4 to 10 cm from the y-axis ( P = 0.002). Four SCAP and 19 DSAP flaps were found in literature. The mean sizes of SCAP flaps and DSAP flaps were 18.5 × 7.8 and 16.5 × 8.7 cm, respectively. Both SCAP and DSAP flaps can be elevated with a relatively long pedicle. The anatomical knowledge of the location of major clusters of perforators contributes to the application of these flaps.