Abstract
How does scattering in sound channels (deep and shallow waters) limit coherent array processing or what is the limitation of resolution in terms of the mutual coherence function and its temporal and spatial coherence lengths? The resolution of an array is limited by the mutual coherence function; but estimation in a partially coherent noise background with a multipath signal is difficult using the normalized cross power spectral density, magnitude squared coherence, because of the properties of both signals and noise. The measurement of magnitude‐squared coherence is a poor statistical estimator since it is a function of the signal‐to‐noise ratio and multipath interference with large confidence bounds. Array gain measurements and a wave‐theoretic coherence functional form can provide estimates of temporal and spatial coherence lengths defined as the 1/e value of this function. This paper reviews single path coherence results and those derived from array measurements over the low‐ to mid‐frequency range in deep and shallow water. Representative coherence lengths are discussed in terms of boundary interactions, internal wave scattering, and coastal mesoscale features. The implications for arrays used to estimate geoacoustic properties, mammal locations, and scattering from the boundaries are presented.
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