Abstract
Transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) are wide bandgap semiconductors (Eg ≥3.1 eV) whose properties strongly depend on stoichiometric deviations, such as oxygen deficiency, and on the nature and quantity of impurities trapped in the host lattice. Examples of TCOs include tin oxide (SnO2), indium tin oxide (In2O3), and zinc oxide (ZnO). The best-known application of TCOs in solar cells is their use as fore contacts. High-efficiency CdTe solar cells are generally grown in a superstrate configuration, where the CdTe/CdS stacks are deposited on TCO-coated glass substrates. Another development is an application of a TCO as a back electrical contact on CdTe, leading to bifacial CdTe solar cells, which can be illuminated from one or both sides.
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