Transparent and Flexible Antenna for Wearable Glasses Applications

Abstract

This paper aims to design, fabricate, and analyze transparent and flexible monopole antennas for an application in wearable glasses. A multilayer electrode film composed of 100-nm-thick indium–zinc–tin oxide (IZTO)/Ag/IZTO (IAI), a type of transparent conducting oxide electrodes, is selected as the conductors of antennas and ground planes of the wearable glasses. The average transparency of the proposed antennas is measured to be 81.1% in the visible wavelength, and the electrical conductivity of the proposed antennas is measured to be 2 000 000 S/m. The proposed antennas are fabricated with physical vapor deposition process in high vacuum. Moreover, nontransparent antennas made of a 40-nm-thick silver (Ag) thin film are designed and fabricated to compare their performances with the transparent IAI antennas. To reduce the electromagnetic field absorption of the human head, we introduced and analyzed three configurations (types A–C) of monopole antennas having different directions of radiation patterns. The fabricated IAI antennas show the average efficiency of 40% and 4-dBi peak gain at 2.4–2.5 GHz. Furthermore, they have a specific absorption rate lower than 1.6 W/kg, which complies with the Federal Communications Commission standard, when the input power is 15 dBm, which is Google Glass’s.